أختبار أستجابة ثمـار بعض أصناف التمــور لحشــرة عثــة التـــمور Cautella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Cardra و مكافحتــها لبعض العوامل الصديقة للبيئة

Rp-Testing the response of some date palm varieties to date moth pests Cardra cautella (Walker) (Lepidoptera Pyralidae) and combating it using some e

Abstract

A series of laboratory experiments were conducted in the Graduate Studies Laboratory (Entomology) at the College of Agriculture, Karbala University during the 2023-2024 academic year. The experiments were designed using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three factors: temperature (20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45°C), time (30, 60, 120, 180 minutes and 1, 3, 5, 7 days), and concentration (1000, 2000, 3000 ppm and 1, 2, 3%). The study involved the rearing of the date moth, Cadra cautella, commonly known as Cadra cautella, which is an important pest affecting dates significantly in date storage facilities in Iraq, causing substantial economic losses. To add new information about this dangerous pest, molecular diagnosis of the date moth was conducted, identifying the type of bacteria associated with the insect and evaluating a control program for this pest that includes testing the efficacy of some plant extracts in their natural and nano forms, as well as studying the impact of some abiotic factors on its control..
Samples of the date moth C. cautella were collected, and DNA and RNA were extracted. The analysis revealed the nucleotide sequences of the amplified DNA product, where molecular confirmation of C. cautella prevalent in Karbala Governorate was applied using NGS technology and the mtCOX mitochondrial relationship as a barcode. The results showed variation within the C. cautella sequences collected from Karbala Governorate. The mtCOX sequences of C. cautella exhibited a very high similarity (100%) with various global isolates of C. cautella, particularly the isolates. Consequently, the mtCOX sequences received unique accession numbers in the GenBank databases PP916775 and PP921921 with the isolate C. cautella Karbala-1. Phylogenetic analysis also revealed a close relationship between C. cautella isolates and those in the same branch. Two genes from C. cautella hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase and vitellogenin have been deposited in GenBank under accession numbers PP928485 and PP928484. Thus, these sequences have been submitted to GeneBank as a preliminary draft of the complete genome of C. cautella. A study was conducted on the effect of different temperatures (±2° 20, ±2° 25, ±2° 30, ±2° 35) on some life aspects of the date moth C. cautella when reared on different varieties of dates (Matouk, Maktoum, Khadraoui, Khestawi, and Barban). The efficiency of the pneumatic discharge device was studied to estimate the percentage mortality of some ages of the date moth at different temperatures and time intervals. The effect of alcoholic extract and nanostructured extract of Moringa oleifera leaves on the mortality rates of the date moth C. cautella was evaluated. The results of the study on the effect of different temperatures (20±2, 25±2, 30±2, 35±2) °C on the date moth C .cautella showed significant differences in the larval duration between the temperature degrees (20 and 25 ±2 °C) and (30 and 35 ±2 °C) for the date varieties Matouk and Maktoum (39.28, 39.82 and 45.57, 48.51) and (45.25, 39.63 and 22.54, 23.56) days respectively. There were clear significant differences at the temperatures of 25 and 35 ±2 °C. As for the pupal duration of the insect, the results of the statistical analysis indicated significant differences at the temperatures (20, 25, 35 ±2 °C) for the Matouk variety (18.82, 13.53, 13.08) days respectively. The results also indicated clear significant differences in the pupal duration at the temperatures (25, 30, 35 ±2 °C) for the Maktoum variety, where it was (18, 11.84, 13.70) days respectively. It was also observed that there were clear significant differences at the temperatures of 20 and 35 ±2 °C for the Barban variety, where it was (11.88 and 15.75) days respectively. The study results showed significant differences in the lifespan of the date moth C. cautella at the temperatures (20, 30, 35 ±2 °C) for the date varieties Khadrawi, Maktoum, and Barban, where it was (10.25, 11.06, 14.50), (15.65, 9.01, 8.63), (7.57, 5.62, 5.75) days respectively. The table indicated clear significant differences in the lifespan of the adult insect at the temperatures of 20 and 35 ±2 °C for the Khastawi variety (11.03, 7.25) days respectively.
A study demonstrated the efficiency of the air vacuum device in estimating the percentage mortality of different ages of date moths at various temperatures and time intervals. The results showed that the highest mortality rate reached 100% at the high temperature of 45 °C for all developmental stages of the insect over a time period of 180 minutes and for all types of dates (Barbani, Matouk, Khustawi, Khadraoui, Maktoum). The second instar larvae were the most sensitive at 45 °C, as all larvae died after being exposed for 120 minutes across all date varieties used in the study.
The results of the efficiency evaluation of the alcoholic and nano extracts of Moringa oleifera leaves on the mortality rates of different ages of the date moth larvae showed that the nano plant extract outperformed the alcoholic plant extract. Statistical analysis results indicated significant differences between the two extracts, where the nano plant extract achieved the highest mortality rate of 13.12% for the second larval stage and a mortality rate of 18.33% for the fifth larval stage. In contrast, the alcoholic plant extract yielded mortality rates of 10.16% and 14.58% for the second and fifth larval stages, respectively. Regarding the adult stage of the date moth, the nano plant extract was superior, achieving the highest mortality rate of 52.50%, while the alcoholic extract reached a mortality rate of 15.98%, when treated with different concentrations (500, 1000, 1500 ppm, 1%, 2%, and 3%) over time periods of 1, 3, 5, and 7 days, respectively.