أزالة صبغات الازور بأستخدام صخور البورسلينات العراقية و شكلها المحور(متعدد البورسلينات – ميلامين – فورمالديهايد)

Removal of Azure Dyes Using Iraqi Porcelanite Rocks and Novel PMF Polymer

This Thesis is concerned with the study of adsorption of Azure A, B, and C dyes on Iraqi Porcelanite rocks and modified form of this rocks to introduce a new surface use as adsorbent for adsorption of Azure dyes. In this study Iraqi Porcelanite rocks was treated with melamine to prepare porcelanite  – melamine complex. The complex was then polymerized with formaldehyde to obtain porcelanite – melamine – formaldehyde  polymer (PMFP). Iraqi porcelanite rocks and novel PMF polymer  were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, and SEM techniques. The purpose of this study is searching for surfaces that are highly applicable of adsorption Azure dyes in order to be useful in the water pollution treatment. Experiment were carried out to investigate the possible use of the Iraqi porcelanite rocks and prepared polymer (PMFP)for the removal of Azure A, B, and C dyes from aqueous solutions. UV – Visible spectrophotometry technique has been applied to study the adsorption isotherm and the factors influencing on it, such as contact time, adsorbent dose, pH and temperature. The results showed that the equilibrium time reached within 60 min and (0.05g) of adsorbent dose at pH (6.9)of operation for Iraqi porcelanite rocks while 30 min and (0.03g) of adsorbent dose at pH (5.5) for PMFP. The removal of Azure A, B, and C  dyes using Iraqi porcelanite rocks and modified form has been studied at different temperatures (298.15, 308.15, 318.15, and 328.15)K to determine the adsorption isotherms and thermodynamic functions. The experimental isotherms data were analyzed using Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. The calculated dimensionless separation factor, R_L < 1 indicated that the adsorption of the three dyes onto both adsorbents were favorable. The data was found that Freundlich isotherm model fits the data very well for all three dyes on both adsorbents. The shapes of the isotherms obtained from the experimental data were found to be comparable in all cases to the (S- curve) type according to Giles classification

    Thermodynamic analysis was carried out for all three dyes – adsorbent systems. According to the results the thermodynamic functions (ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS) were calculated. It was found that the adsorption processes of all three dyes on Iraqi porcelanite rocks or PMFP were spontaneous and exothermic in nature from the negative values of ΔG and ΔH. The positive values of entropy over the temperature range characterize an increase disorder of the system and the driving force for adsorption is an entropy effect. The performance of both adsorbents to adsorb Azure A, B, and C dyes was also compared. It was found that the adsorption capacity of PMFP was higher than Iraqi porcelanite rocks. From the work, it was clearly shown that modified form of Iraqi porcelanite rocks has good adsorption capacity on Azure A, B, and C dyes