استجابةأصناف من حنطةالخبز (Triticum aestivum L.) لنوعية مياه الري والتسميد البوتاسي وتقدير معامل الارتباط الوراثي

Response cultivars of bread whea(Triticum aestivum L.) for quality of irrigation water

This experiment  conducted by using plastic pots in the Department of Biology – College of Education for Pure Science  /  University of Kerbala for the growing season    2012 – 2013.   Factional experiment within a completely randomized design (CRD) with three  replicates was  applied. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the response of five wheat cultivars  (IPA99, Al-Iraq, Al-Rashid  ,AL- Fateh  and Abu-Graib) to three concentrations of saline water (1.8 ,4 and 8 ds.m^-1) and  two potassium  levels (120 and 180 kg K.ha^-1) and to determine  the best characteristics as selection indices with grain yield in wheat         (Triticum aestivum L.).

     Some of Characteristics was  studied like  plant high , number of tillers , flag leaf area, , root’s length, root’s volume , root’s dry weight ,pollen sterility percent, chlorophyll content in leaves, proline content , the concentration of sodium, potassium, the ratio of potassium to sodium in leaf , the concentration of potassium in the straw , grain , potassium uptake overall , the concentration of protein in the grain , spike length , number of spikes per plant , number of spikelets in the spike, number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight ,biological yield , harvest index and grain yield means were compared using L.S.D. p=0.05.

    Results showed  that cultivars  were significantly affected in the studied traits as gave AL-Iraq cultivar  the highest values ​​for the volum of the root , root weight , the concentration of potassium in the leaves , the ratio of potassium to sodium , potassium uptake overall , 1000-grain weight , harvest index , and grain yield. Al-Rashid cultivar gave  higher values ​​for the plant high, flag leaf area , root length , proline content , spike length, number of spikelets in the spike and biological yield . IPA 99 cultivar gave the  highest values ​​of the number of tillers , chlorophyll content , sodium concentration in the leaves , the concentration of protein in the grain and the number of grains in the spike . On the other hand AL- Fateh  cultivar gave  the highest values ​​of the concentration of potassium in the straw , the concentration of potassium in the grain , number of spikes. Plant^-1.

   The effect of irrigation with salt water  was clear in all traits (except  for root length, the pollen sterility percent, proline content, sodium concentration in leaves and harvest index) as given level of 1.8 ds.m^-1 higher values ​​for all traits. On the other hand it gave lower values of the level of 8 ds.m^-1.

    The level of  fertilization 180 kg K. ha^-1 given the higher values ​​for all traits, excluding character of  root length, the pollen sterility percent, proline content, sodium concentration in leaves and harvest index while the level of fertilization 120 kg K. ha^-1 gave less values of the  studied traits .

    The second and third  interactions showed different effects on the studied characteristics.The  best interaction was between  AL- Iraq cultivar  with the alevel of saline of 1.8 ds.m^-1  for potassium concentration in the leaves , the ratio of potassium to sodium ,  and grain yield (4.14% ,3.76 and 5.33 gm. Plant^-1)  . Also AL –Rashid cv. at the same level gave the best interaction for  the number of spikelets in the spike and biological yield (21.82 spikelets per spike and 16.61 gm. Plant^-1).  IPA 99 cv. With  alevel of saline of 1.8 ds.m^-1 gave  best overlap significantly to the concentration of potassium in the grain and potassium uptake  (%0.81 and 0.56 gm. Plant^-1) . AL –Rashid cv. with alevel of saline 8 ds.m^-1  for  root length  75.50 cm , The overlap between AL –Rashid cv. and the salinity level of 8 ds.m^-1  and the level of fertilizer 120 kg K. ha^-1 gave the greatest value to the length of the root 85.67cm  ,IPA 99 cv. and  the saline level 1.8 ds.m^-1  and the level of fertilizing 120 kg K. ha^-1  gave the highest value to the content of chlorophyll in the leaves  36.64 spad unit  , AL- Fateh cv. the and  level of saline 1.8 ds.m^-1   and the level of fertilizing 180 kg K. ha^-1 gave the highest value for the concentration of potassium in the grain %1.12 .

     The broad-sense heritability of saline level at 1.8 ds.m^-1 was high for each of the sodium concentration in the leaves , the ratio of potassium to sodium, potassium concentration in the grain , the concentration of protein in the grain , spike length , number of spikelets in the spike, number of grains per spike, harvest index and holds the grain yield , and the level of  8 ds.m^-1  was elevated to the status of the highest of the plant , and the weight of the root , the pollen sterility percent, the concentration of sodium in the leaves , the concentration of potassium in the leaves , ratio of potassium to sodium, the concentration of potassium in the straw , spike length , number of grains per spike .

     Results showed that higher genotypic and phenotypic variation on all levels of salinity were plant height, root length, the weight of the root, the pollen sterility percent , number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight and harvest index, so the chances of success of the election will be the largest of these qualities to the presence of variations great.

      Results showed that highest genotypic and phenotypic correlations are positively and significantly to the level of saline 1.8 ds.m^-1 between grain yield with harvest index gaving 0.84 and 0.91    the level of saline 8 ds.m^-1 has the highest genotypic and phenotypic correlations are positively and significantly between grain yield and grains per spike was 0.68 and 0.64.

   Conclude from this study that the growing cultivar of Al-Iraq and irrigation by water not exceed conductivity electrical his 1.8 ds.m^-1  and fertilization fertilizer potassium 180 kg K. ha^-1  achieved the highest yield. Harvest index in  level of saline 1.8 ds.m^-1  and the number of grains per spike at the saline level of 8 ds.m^-1  can be adopted as selection indices because they were given the higher genotypic and  phenotypic correlation and higher heritability.