التأثيرات النسجية لبعض المستخلصات النباتية على القوقع الأرضي Monacha obstructa في محافظة كربلاء المقدسة / العراق

Histological effect of some plant extracts on land snail Monacha obstructa in governorate of Kerbala holy / Iraq

A study was conducted on the effect of aqueous hot and alcoholic (ethanol alcohol) extracts of ginger (rhizomes) Zingiber officinale Tyler, 1992 and cloves (flowering buds) Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L. Perry and eucalyptus (leaves) Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnhardt, 1832, during the period from November 2022 to the end of February 2023, with three of concentrations (20, 25, 30) mg/mililitre with a concentration of (0) for the control group, where the groups were divided for each extract into four groups for each total of ( ten) individuals from adult snails (three of concentrations with the control group these extracts with the effect (action) of metaldehyde slugs and snails exterminators in terms of the destruction of land snails, glass clover snail, Monacha obstructa (Pfeiffer, 1842) And its death, in three also of concentrations (15, 20, 25) mg/ml, and in four groups for each group of ten adult snails with a control group (0) and a statement of the effect of hot aqueous and alcoholic plant extracts used on each of the gonad tissue. foot and lung from the body of the snail M. obstructa where samples were collected from farms in the Kamalia area / Kerbala governorate, and the results were as follows:
The length of the adult snails (the length of the snail shell) varied between one adult snail and another. The longest adult snail shell was (13.2) mm and the shortest was (9.2) mm. The average shell length was (11.25) mm, while the average shell width was (8.8). Where the longest (shell width) was (10.6) mm, while the shortest was (6.7) mm. The average length of the shell opening was (5.35) mm, the length of the opening was (6.7) mm, and the width of the opening was (3.8) mm.
The mechanism of reproduction of snails M. obstructa is by laying eggs in single, semi-spherical gelatinous egg capsules of different diameters of length , they are of the oviparous .
The study showed that there is a direct relationship between the length of the adult snail shell (mother) and the number of eggs laid by the mother, where the highest number of eggs was (30) eggs, which were laid by the snail (mother) with a length of 13.3 mm, while the lowest number of eggs was (10) .is expelled by the (mother) shell, the length of which is 9.2 mm.
The study showed that the hot aqueous extract of ginger was the most effective in killing the snail M. obstructa than the other two extracts, cloves and eucalyptus, at a rate of (19.16) individual \ cm2 , and the hot aqueous extract of eucalyptus was the least effective in killing the snail M. obstructa at a concentration of (6.66) individual \ cm2. It was also found that the third week of the experiment, in general, was the deadliest on snails for all extracts, with clear significant differences between the three types of extracts used with the concentration of control and under a significant level of P≤ 0.05.
The study also showed that the concentration (30) was the highest and most lethal concentration on the snails of the experiment with regard to the aqueous ginger extract in particular, and for the three extracts of the experiment used in general, as the death rate was recorded (23.33) individual \ cm2 for the snails, and the least significant difference for the concentrations used was (1.9086).
The study confirmed that the effect and effectiveness of the concentration (30) mg/ml of the aqueous extract hot of ginger is the closest to the rest of the aqueous extracts and with the same concentration the action of the pesticide in the destruction of snails and that the metaldehyde pesticide with a concentration of (25) mg/ml is the most destructive of the snails from the first week with a percentage 100%, and also there were significant differences between the treatment of extracts under the same concentration (30) in the last week of the experiment, which amounted to (2.8882) individual \ cm2, and the highest time to get rid of snails was the third week, with a percentage of (2.2372) individual \ cm2 under a significant level of P≤ 0.05.
The study showed that the alcoholic extract of ginger was the most destructive of the ground snail M. obstructa from the rest of the extracts of the experiment, at the same approved concentrations, at a rate of (31.66) individual \ cm2. The least lethal was the alcoholic extract of Eucalyptus at (10) mg/ml. A third of the experiment is the deadliest on snails for all extracts, with clear significant differences between the three types of extracts used with the control concentration and under a significant level of P≤ 0.05.
The study showed that the effect and effectiveness of (30) mg/ml of the alcoholic extract of ginger is the closest of the rest of the alcoholic extracts and with the same concentration to the action of the pesticide in the killing of snails with an average of killing or killing (66.66) individual \ cm2 with the presence of significant differences between the treatment of extracts under the same concentration (30) in The second week of the experiment, where it reached (1.5323), and the highest time to get rid of the snail is the second week under a significant level of P ≤0.05.
The study also showed that the three alcoholic plant extracts used, ginger, clove and eucalyptus, respectively, were more lethal to experimental snails than the hot aqueous plant extracts. The study also showed that (25) mg/ml in the pesticide is the most lethal, and from the first week, by 100%.
The histological study of land snail M. obstructa showed the effect of each of metaldehyde and ginger alcoholic extract on some of the tissues of the snail body that were studied, which are (hermaphrodite gonads, lung and abdominal area) with the highest concentration level, which is (25) mg/ ml for the pesticide and at a concentration of (30) mg/ml for the ginger alcoholic extract. Most of the histological changes were represented by the occurrence of necrosis and degeneration in most cells of the tissues treated with the pesticide and similarly, but with less severity in relation to the same tissue but treated with alcoholic ginger extract. Also, thickening of the pulmonary septum, narrowing of the pulmonary duct, and shrinking in the alveoli of the lung tissue.