التحليل الوراثي التبادلي الكامل والتوصيف الوراثي لزهرة الشمس باستخدام مؤشرات RAPD

Genetic full diallel analysis and genetic characterization for sunflower using RAPD markers

   In the spring season of (2014) six lines of sunflower were entry (CO3L7Q3, QU4K2G2, FL1H1G1, IR1K3G1, EUF7L5G1 و ARG5L1Q1 ) In the full diallel to get 15 single hybrids and 15 reciprocal hybrid according to the first method and according to fixed model developed by Griffing (1956b). planted genotypes of (parents and hybrid crosses and reciprocal) in compared experiment using design randomized complete block   design (RCBD) with three replicates in farmers’ fields in township of Kifl to the south of  Babil province during the autumn season of (2014) were taken data for the number of days from planting till 50% flowering, Number of days till the physiological maturity, plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, disc diameter, the number of seeds in the disc, the proportion of fertilization, weight of the filled seeds in the disc, weight of 100-seed, seeds yield per plant, the proportion of oil in the seeds and yield of oil in the plant, to study the hybrid heterosis which measured in two ways the first based on the deviation of the individual and reciprocal from the lowest of the parents for characteristics of number of days from planting till 50% flowering and the number of days until the maturity Physiological and the second is the deviation of individual and reciprocal from the best of the parents to estimate the hybrid heterosis to other characters and the most important results can be clarified by the following:

1. The average squares of genotypes (parents + diallel and that reciprocal) were significant at probability of 1% to all characters.
2. diallel hybrids (C×I) , (Q×I) and (I×A) highest achieved the seed the seeds reached 95.13 and 93.97 and 88.90 g per plant respectively, and achieved reciprocal hybrids (A×Q) , (Q×E) and (I×Q) achieved highest seeds reached 86.25 and 78.99 and 77.31 g per plant respectively, and (I×A) hybrid achived higher oil yield reached 88.4g. diallel hybrid (Q×I) and (A×E) high heterosis significantly toward early flowering, and diallel hybrid (Q×F) and that reciprocals (E×Q) and (F×Q) show high heterosis  significantly toward early Physiological maturity on the basis of the parent deviation of the first generation of parents from the, Also diallel hybrids (Q×I) and (A×I) and the reciprocal (E×A) , (I×Q) and (A×Q) show high heterosis whithe high signification and desirable for most of the measured characters on the basis of the deviation of the first generation from the best of parents.
3. The results showed the importance of the cytoplasmic study for all the studied characters of sunflower.
4. The average sequares of general combining ability and own for diallel and reciprocal hybrid was significant for all characters except for recipe till 50% flowering which not significant for general combining.
5. thes better effect of general companying ability for seeds yield per plant and the filled seeds weight in line, C and I and A, and for the 100-seed weight and the leaf area of the plant and the stem diameter through line A and for number of seeds in the disc through lines Q and F and yield of oil in the plant through line C, the diallel show (Q×I) and (E×A) and (C×I) and the reciprocal (A×I) and (F×C) show significant general companying ability in the direction for the largest number of characters.
6. The ratio of s²gca/ s²sca and the ratio of s²gca/ s²rca were less than one for all characters except for the s²gca/ s²rca of fertilization ratio.
7. rate of the degree of dominans for diallell hybrids ā and reciprocal hybrids ā˗r greater than one in all characters except for fertilization ratio was a degree of dominanns rate of less than one in reciprocal hybrids.
8. Heritability values in the broadest sense, was high for all characteristics except for stem diameter in reciprocal hybrids gave medium inheritance ratio. While its value in the narrow sense was high in reciprocal hybrid for character of weight of 100-seed weight and medium in reciprocal hybrids, and low for the hybrids diallel hybrids and medium in reciprocal hybrids the for number of leaves , leaf area , disc diameter, the number of seeds in the disc and the ratio oil, and medium in hybrids diallel hybrids and low for the reciprocal hybrid for fertilization ratio and the remaining were characteristics were low in the diallel and reciprocal hybrids.

RAPD marker showed differences between sunflower lines at the molecular level, which distributed in two main groups first Group A which included line strain C and the second group B, as the second main group was divided into two subgroups B1, B2, which included in the first section included two subgroups secondary B1a and B1b, and included the first secondary subgroup line Q and A either sub-group included the second secondary I and E F The strain occurred in the second sub-group.