التركيز المسبق والتقييم الكمي للملوثات الكيميائية في مياه الصرف بطريقة الاستخلاص بنقطة الغيمة

Pre-concentration and Quantitative Evaluation of Chemical Pollutants in Wastewater by Cloud Point Extraction Method

abstract

Pollution is one of the most important problems facing human beings on earth. Which causes many diseases, and this requires us to work on finding ways to reduce it. The research includes studying the impact of wastewater in ten different stations. Eight lifting stations and two treatment stations in the Center and District of Al-Hurr in the Holy Karbala Governorate. The aim of the study is to determine the operational effectiveness of the main treatment unit project and Al-Hurr treatment unit in Karbala and its impact on the quality of wastewater, detecting the qualitative properties of wastewater in the study area. Several factors were studied for wastewater samples, including the Physical and Chemical properties of wastewater quality, such as Temperature pH, Total Dissolved Solids, Electrical Conductivity, and Total Suspended Solids, and estimating the concentration of some anions (Chlorides, Sulphates, Phosphates, and Nitrates) using standard methods. As well as estimating the concentration of trace elements of more than 70 elements in wastewater samples using inductively coupled plasma mass technology. In addition, a proposed technique has been established for the quantification of some chemical pollutants in wastewater that depends on micellar-mediated phase separation to preconcentrate Lead and Iron levels in wastewater and measuring them using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The method is based on the extraction of Lead and Iron by potassium iodide and 1-Nitroso-2-naphthol as a reagent and Triton X-114 as a surfactant. This method is characterized by being cheap, easy and environmentally friendly. It is also very sensitive by reaching the lowest detection limit. The detection limit for Lead and Iron in the proposed method is 0.1 and 0.05 µg. mL-1, and the RSD% is 3.100 and 3.658 for Lead and Iron, linearity was maintained in the range of Lead and Iron concentration from 1.0 to 16 and from 0.25 to 16 µg. mL-1 respectively. The results obtained showed that the proposed technique was successfully applied to determine Lead and Iron ions in wastewater. The concentration of the elements measured by the proposed method was compared with the concentration of the same elements using inductively coupled plasma mass technology, and statistical analysis of the two methods was performed by conducting significant tests. Wastewater lifting and treatment stations saw an increase in the levels of TDS and EC exceeding the acceptable limits according to the Iraq Quality Standards 2012 and the World Health Organization 2011. Examination of the major anions revealed an increase in the concentration of Chloride and Sulfate ions in all lifting and treatment stations, which exceeded the acceptable limits. And the concentration of Nitrate was within the acceptable limits in all lifting and treatment stations, while the concentration of Phosphate was higher than the acceptable limits in some lifting stations. Regarding the analysis of trace elements. The majority of trace element concentrations in untreated wastewater samples at lifting stations were higher than the concentration of the same elements in treated wastewater samples. The concentration of some elements such as (As, Pb, Al, B, Mg, Na, S, Ca and Cl) was outside the acceptable limits according to the Iraq Quality Standards 2012 and the World Health Organization 2011. Furthermore, the wastewater treatment stations were usually successful in treating wastewater, they fell short in treating some chemical pollutants, as concentrations were outside acceptable levels and required additional treatment, as well as wastewater polluted and salty and cannot be used for irrigation, and can be used in some areas of restricted agriculture.