التوصيف الجزيئي لبعض محددات مقاومة المضادات الحياتية في بكتيريا القولون المعزولة من اصابات الجهاز البولي عند الاطفال ومياه نهر الحسينية

Molecular characterization of some antibiotics resistance determinants in coliform bacteria isolated from urinary tract infections(UTI) in children and AL-Hussainiya water river.

Summary
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children are common diseases. The misuse of antibiotics leads to the emergence of resistance by the bacteria causing the disease. One hundred and fifty samples were collected from children in age between 1-10 years who suffered from UTIs and referred to the Children’s Teaching Hospital in Karbala- Iraq. The present study lasted from the late July2023 until February2024. Samples were collected in sterile bottles. In addition, Water samples were collected in a sterile bottle with capacity of 100 ml from three position located at Al-Hussainiya river distributed as (Al-Atishi, Al-Baron hotel and the white arch) which were 15 samples for each season. Most probable number method MPN was applied for the detection of coliform bacteria. The water samples were collected in August and December 2023 for summer and winter seasons, respectively.
All urine and water samples were cultured on proper media and pure colonies were obtained after incubation time. Phenotypic and biochemical tests were performed for diagnosis these colonies.
Further, Vitek 2 system was used for testing the antibiotic resistance activity for these isolates against around 23 types of common antibiotics. Further more,polymerase chain reaction using a specific primers was performed for the amplification of (CTX-M, TEMbla, SHVbla, qnr-A and Aac(6)Ib antibiotic resistance genes.
Finally, some isolates which revealed antibiotics resistances were selected for investigating their ability to produce biofilm by tube method.
Twenty isolates of coliform bacteria from urine samples were obtained (14 isolates of E. coli, 5 of Klebsiella pneumonia, and one isolate of Enterobacter spp. Thirty isolates of coliform bacteria from water samples were obtained (5 of E.coli,5 Klebsiella pneumonia and 5 Enterobacter spp) for each season.
Results showed that a significant difference was found between two seasons in each station and between stations regarding the number of coliform bacteria. These numbers were significantly higher in Al-Atishi and Al-Baron hotel stations during summer season in comparison to the numbers during winter seasons at the same stations (P≤0.05).
that E. coli were more resistant to the used were sensitive to antibiotics, as they were the only microbe resistant to the antibiotics, including a ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, cefuroxime-Axetil, Ertapenem, Amoxicillin acid , nitrofurantoin, and fosfomycin. On the other hand, all the tested bacteria revealed variable resistance to ceftazidim, cefepime, ciprofloxacin, Imipenem, piperacillin, meropenem, Ampicillin, cefazolin, cefeazidime, ceftazidime/Avibactam, Imipenem,Amikacin, Gentamycin and cefazolin, trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.
All bacterial coliform isolates during summer were not exhibit antibiotic-resistance, where as three isolates of E. coli isolated during winter season revealed antibiotics resistance to cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim.
PCR results of urine isolates demonstrated that 5 isolates (100%) carried genes including CTX-M, blaTEM and blaSHVbla.three isolates of Klebsiella pneumonia had CTX-M gene and tow isolates had bla SHV and blaTEM genes and one isolate of Enterobacter spp. carried CTX-M gene only. PCR results of water isolates demonstrated that 3 isolates of E. coli out of 5 appeared to have the tested genes (CTX-M, blaTEM, blaSHV, qnr-A and Aac(6)Ib) during winter season only.
The ability of bacterial coliforms isolated from urine to produce biofilm showed that all the isolates of E. coli were as strong and moderate biofilm former, whereas all Klebsiella pneumonia were strong biofilm former. All coliform bacteria isolates revealed biofilm activity during both season .