تأثير المستخلص المائي البارد للثوم (Allium sativum) على بعض المعايير الفسلجية والنسجية لذكور الأرانب المعاملة بالسايكلوفوسفومايد

Effect of the cold aqueous extract of garlic (Allium sativum) on some of the physiological and histological criteria for males of the rabbits treated with Cyclophosphamide

This study has been conducted in various places, including laboratories of department of biology in the college of education for pure sciences – university of Karbala, labs of the college of veterinary medicine – university of Karbala, in addition to the labs of Al-Hussein teaching hospital in the province of Karbala. This study took eight months approximately extended from February/2016 until September/2016, so as to evaluate the effect of the aqueous extract of garlic’s cloves (Allium sativum) on some of physiological criteria (some of hematological parameters with a number of biochemical parameters) and histological criteria (the liver and kidneys tissues) for males of the domestic rabbits that treated with Cyclophosphamide drug, as it has been used 25 males from the domestic rabbits which ranged in age from 6-7 months approximately, with weights ranged from 1050-1080 grams, and these animals were divided randomly to five groups (five animals per group) and according to the following description:  

First Group (G1) (negative control): Which had given the water and food daily for a period of 30 days.

Second Group (G2) (positive control): Which orally dosed with the Cyclophosphamide drug (concentration: 20 mg/kg of the animal’s weight) daily for 30 days.

Third Group (G3): Which orally dosed with the aqueous extract of garlic’s cloves (concentration: 100 mg/kg of the animal’s weight) daily for 30 days before dosing with the Cyclophosphamide drug (concentration: 20 mg/kg of the animal’s weight) daily for another 30 days.

Fourth Group (G4): Which orally dosed with the aqueous extract of garlic’s cloves (concentration: 100 mg/kg of the animal’s weight) with the dosing with the Cyclophosphamide drug (concentration: 20 mg/kg of the animal’s weight) daily at the same time for a period of 30 days.

Fifth Group (G5): Which orally dosed with the aqueous extract of garlic’s cloves (concentration: 100 mg/kg of the animal’s weight) daily for a period of 30 days after the dosing with the Cyclophosphamide drug (concentration: 20 mg/kg of the animal’s weight) daily for a period of also 30 days.

The animals’ weights were recorded before and after the experiment, then the blood samples were saved after they had been taken from the heart directly. The animals were then autopsied and the liver and kidneys were removed and their weights were recorded. Laboratory tests were performed to determine the pathological changes in the physiological and histological criteria studied. The results of the present study showed a significant decrease (P≤0.05) for all measured weight parameters (body weights and liver and kidneys weights) for the positive control group compared to the negative control group. But when the interaction was made (three interactions) between the plant extract and the used drug for      the last three groups (before, with and after the drug) in order to test the effectiveness of the extract in reducing or minimizing the toxic effects of the drug, the results showed a significant increase (P≤0.05) for all measured weight parameters compared to the positive control group.

Some of the hematological parameters were measured such as: the number of red blood corpuscles (R.B.Cs), the number of white blood cells (W.B.Cs), the packed cells volume (P.C.V), and the level of hemoglobin (Hb.). The results indicated to a significant decrease (P≤0.05) in all of these measurements for the positive control in comparison with the negative control. But when the interaction was made (three interactions) between the extract and the drug for the last three groups (before, with and after) to test the activity of the extract in reducing or minimizing the toxicity of the drug effects, the results showed a significant rising (P≤0.05) in all of these criteria in the case of the treatment with the extract with and after the drug, while there were no significant differences (P<0.05) in the case of the treatment with the extract before the drug in comparison with the positive control.

On the other hand, a number of biochemical parameters were measured such as: the activity of the enzymes which are carrying amine group in the serum that are: the alanine transaminase enzyme (ALT) & the aspartate transaminase enzyme (AST), the activity of the alkaline phosphatase enzyme (ALP), the level of total bilirubin (T.Bil.), the level of total cholesterol (T.C.), the level of albumin, the level of urea, and the level of creatinine. The results indicated to a significant rising (P≤0.05) in all of these criteria except for the level of total bilirubin and albumin, the results showed existence of a significant decrease (P≤0.05) in the level of albumin, while there were no significant differences (P<0.05) in the level of total bilirubin for the positive control in comparison with the negative control. But when the interaction was made (three interactions) between the extract and the drug for the last three groups (before, with and after) to test the activity of the extract in reducing or minimizing the toxicity of the drug effects, the results indicated to a significant decrease (P≤0.05) in all of these measurements except for the level of total bilirubin and albumin, the results showed the presence of a significant rising (P≤0.05) in the level of albumin, while there were no significant differences (P<0.05) in the level of total bilirubin also in comparison with the positive control.

Regarding to histological aspect of this study, it has been examined tissues of both the liver and kidneys of all experimental treatments for the purpose of knowing the histo-pathological changes compared to the normal situation, by the microscopic examination for the liver’s tissue of the positive control in comparison with the negative control, the results showed presence of congestion in the central vein with severe necrosis for the liver’s cells (hepatocytes) from the coagulative type, as well as the infiltration of inflammatory cells (neutrophils) around the congested central vein, in addition to vacuolization the cytoplasm of the liver’s cells leading to the inflation, as well as, a clear fibrosis around the bile ducts. While the microscopic examination for the kidneys’ tissue of the positive control in comparison with the negative control showed atrophy in the capillary tuff inside the renal glomerulus which led to the large size of bowman space with a severe necrosis for the cells of the convoluted tubules, as well as, the presence of a severe congestion for the blood vessels (renal arteriole), and the presence of degenerative changes represented vacuolization the cytoplasm of the renal tubules cells. But when the interaction was made (three interactions) between the extract and the drug for the last three treatments (before, with and after) to test the activity of the extract in reducing or minimizing the toxicity of the drug effects, the results of the microscopic examination showed a clear relative improvement in the tissues of both the liver and kidneys in the case of the treatment with the extract with and after the drug, while there were no large differences remember to pathological effects on the tissues of both the liver and kidneys in the case of the treatment with the extract before the drug in comparison with the positive control.

We conclude that dosing males of the domestic rabbits with the aqueous extract of garlic’s cloves (concentration: 100 mg/kg of the animal’s weight) daily for 30 days and for three interactions (before, with and after the drug) has a good effect in minimizing the toxic effects of the drug used. It seemed that the dosing with the extract with drug had the strongest effect, while the dosage with the extract after drug was less effective than the previous, while the dosage with the extract before drug had a low effectiveness in reducing the effects of cyclophosphamide drug with regard to the physiological and histological criteria studied