تاثير المستخلص المائي والكحولي لنبات القرنفل ومنظمات النمو النباتية والتداخل بينهما ضد بعض الفطريات المعزولة من بعض المواد الغذائية

Effect of COQ2 Gene Polymorphism on incidence of myopathy in patients treated with atorvastatin in Kerbala ProvinceDepartment of Life Effect of

Summary:
This study aimed to isolate and identify fungi that produce mycotoxins from some foodstuffs in Karbala Governorate. The study was conducted in the laboratories of the College of Education for Pure Sciences for the academic year 2021-2022 for the purpose of evaluating the effectiveness of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of cloves, studying the effect of plant growth regulators Giberellic acid and Indol aacetic acid, and making a combination between plant extracts and growth regulators on aflatoxin-producing fungi.
The results of isolation and purification of fungi associated with foodstuffs, nuts, legumes, meat, dairy, vegetables, fruits, indomie, cheese, biscuits, noodles, tomato paste, sesame, rice, pasta, millet and bread, which were isolated from some foodstuffs traded in the local markets in the city of Karbala, showed that they were contaminated with fungi and that all the fungi that were isolated were Aflatoxin-producing, as evidenced by the use of coconut medium with ammonia solution.
Fungi were diagnosed phenotypically and molecularly by using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique, which succeeded in duplicating NS8 and NS1 with primers (ITS). Biotechnology Information (NCBI) has been deposited in the Biofungi database.
The isolated fungi are Penicillium oxalicum, Penicillium Cladosporium Uredinicola expansum, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus sydowii, Aspergillus Oryzae, Aspergillus Tamarii, Aspergillus nomius, Alternaria triticina, Penicillium griseofulvum, Cladosporium. Aspergillus flavus Aspergillus austwicki Fusarium brevicompatum Penicillium cladosporioides, proleferatum, Aspergillus caespitosus, Aspergillus versicolor . All these snags have been recorded in the genetic bank and given funniest numbers ‎ .MT03303 ,AF033479 ,M235787 JN088229, LC094427 , MH66405, MT25485, MK45036, JX418360, MF03465 . OM72177, MW51015, MF47593, MT55892, HQ44324, KU866669 MK64522, MT49745. Respectively, the results showed that there is a similarity of 99-100% between these isolates and global isolates.
The percentage of occurrence of the toxin-producing country species was calculated in the samples that were studied, and the percentage of appearance of the fungus Aspergillus was 55.56%, as it appeared in ten isolates, while the fungus Penicillium appeared in four isolates and its percentage was 22.22%, while the percentage of appearance of the fungus Cladosporium was 11.11%. It appeared in only two isolates. As for the genus Alternaria and the genus Fusarium, the incidence rate for each of them was 5.56%, as each of them appeared in one isolate. As for the percentage of frequency, the fungus Aspergillus flavus was frequent three times from different isolates, which are apple, eggplant and cashew.
The frequency of cashews was 16.67%, while the rest of the species belonging to the genera of fungi, the frequency of each type in one isolate, and the frequency was 5.56%.
Alcoholic and aqueous extracts at concentrations of 20, 2,5,10,5,15 mg ml were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the extracts in inhibiting the fungi included in the study, calculate the percentage, and determine the value of the minimum inhibitory concentration. The results of the statistical analysis showed the superiority of the alcoholic extract over the aqueous extract of the clove plant, and the increase in the sperm count for perfusion with increasing concentration.
The study showed the effect of growth regulators on the growth of the studied fungi, as there was a significant decrease in the diameter of the colony at concentrations 20, 15, 2.5, 5, 10 mg ml, and determining the value of the minimum inhibitory concentration. Inhibitory susceptibility to gibberellins and the increase in the percentage of inhibition with increasing concentration.
The results showed the ineffectiveness of the combination between the German extract of clove plant and growth regulators in inhibiting the studied fungi by mixing the minimum inhibitory concentration of the aqueous extract 17, 18, 19, 20 mg ml with the minimum inhibitory concentration value of the growth regulators gibberellin 17, 18, 19 mg ml and indole acetate. Asad 12, 13, 14 were less effective in inhibiting aflatoxin-producing fungi, which indicates that the ability of each of the aqueous extract and growth regulators to inhibit the growth of toxin-producing fungi is higher if used separately.
The results showed the effectiveness of the combination between the alcoholic extract of cloves and growth regulators in inhibiting toxin-producing fungi by mixing the minimum inhibitory concentration of the alcoholic extract 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 mg AML with the minimum inhibitory concentration value of the growth regulators gibberellin 17, 18, 19 mg AML, and indole acetate. Asad 12, 13, 14 mg amal, the result was a combination of high efficacy in inhibiting aflatoxin-producing fungi at lower concentrations.
The results of the detection of the active substances of the clove plant showed the presence of a number of effective chemical compounds, as the results showed that the flower buds of the clove stability contain all of the flavones, glycosides, phenols, terpenes, resins, volatile oils, saponins, steroids and fluids.