تقدير مستويات العناصر النزرة في المصل والاظافر لمرضى غسيل الكلى والافراد الاصحاء في العراق باستخدام بلازما الحث المقترن بمطيافية الانبعاث الذري

Determination of Trace Element Levels in Serum and Fingernails for Hemodialysis Patients and Healthy Individuals in Iraq By Using ICP-OES

Abstract

The levels of interested trace elements, namely Al, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn in various biological samples (fingernail and serum) were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). Analytical methods for determining the elemental levels were developed and validated using quality control and significance tests. Multi-element analysis was undertaken for serum and washed fingernails collected from Iraqi individuals. The influence of health status, gender, smoking activity, and age on elemental levels in serum and fingernails was investigated. In general, significantly higher serum levels of Mn and Zn are found in healthy individuals (0.166 ± 0.296 µg/mL of Mn and 0.302 ± 0.068 µg/mL of Zn) when compared with hemodialysis patients (0.128 ± 0.036 µg/mL of Mn and 0.259 ± 0.057 µg/mL of Zn). On the other hand, significant differences were identified between healthy individuals and patients in fingernails for all elements under investigation. The effect of gender on the levels of elements in serum and fingernails was investigated using a two-tailed t-test. It was found that gender has a significant effect on the levels of Mn and pb in serum samples, while this significant effect was found for Al, Cd, Mn, Pb, and Se for fingernail samples. In addition, there are no significant effects of all elements between smokers and non-smokers for both fingernails and serum samples. The only exception was found for Mn in fingernails which is significantly higher in non-smokers compared to smokers.
The results indicate that the effect of the individual’s age on the levels of Cd, Cu, and Mn was significant in fingernail samples at P = 0.05, while only one significant effect of age was reported for Zn in the case of serum samples. The two interaction factors, namely between factors (health status, gender, and smoking activity) and inter-element correlations for all elements in both media have also been investigated. The use of blood serum and fingernails as a potential biomarker for assessing human health status has been evaluated using several studies in this research, namely, smoking activity, Age, Gender, and hemodialysis.