تقيـــيم كفـاءة بعض المبيدات ذات الاصل النباتي والحيوي والنانوي في مكافحة خنفساء الطحين الحمراء Tribolium castaneum Herbst مختبريا

Ameen Taher Eesa

Abstract
A series of experiments were conducted in the laboratories of the Faculty of Agriculture – University of Karbala to evaluate the efficiency of the hot and cold aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves, the hot and nano aqueous extract of M.oleifera leaves, the plant-based pesticides palizin, Tondexir, Oxymatrine, the bacterial biocide Amyloland, and the combination of silica oxide (SiO2) silicon, Amyloland, and the chemical pesticides Coragin and Conan in estimating the percentage of death of the different phases of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum.
1-The results of the study showed all pesticides of plant origin (palizin, Tondexir, Oxymatrine ), the bacterial biocide Amyloland, silica oxide (SiO 2), the combination of silica nanoxide (SiO2), the pesticide Amyloland, the chemical pesticides Coragin and Conan, and the hot, cold and nanoparticle extract of Moringa oleifera leaves. In estimating the death rate of the different stages of the red flour beetle T. castaneum to the superiority of the pesticide Oxymatrine, it achieved the highest death rate of all pesticides at a concentration of (2.5 ml -1), which amounted to 85.3% in the second phase, and the lowest death rate was recorded in silica nanopartic oxide at a concentration of ( 400 mg-1), it achieved a death rate of) 37.22% (in the adult phase.The pesticides recorded a gradual percentage of death from the highest to the lowest percentage of death . The find-
2-The Tondexir pesticide at concentration( 4 mlL-1) achieved a mortality rate of 80.7% in the second larval phase and the Coragen pesticide at concentration ( 0.20 mlL-1) recorded a mortality rate of 80% in the second larval phase,while the palizin pesticide at concentration ( 4 mlL-1) achieved a mortality rate of 77.33% in the second larval phase, and a mortality rate of 67.14% at concentration ( 3.5 g L-1) was recorded for the bacterial biocide Amyloland for the second larval phase, and the mortality rate was 60.67% in the second larval phase at concentration ( 5000 mgL-1) for the hot water extract of the leaves of the M. oleifera plant, and it was noted that the combination between silica nano oxide and the Amyloland pesticide recorded a mortality rate of 59.4% in the second larval phase at concentration ( 4000 mgL-1 + 3 g ) . The destruction rate of the chemical pesticide Conan was 56.0% at the concentration( 0.6 g L-1) in the second larval phase, while the cold water extract of the leaves of the M. oleifera plant at the concentration( 5000 mgL-1) achieved a 53.3% death rate in the second larval phase. The nanoparticle extract of the leaves of the M. oleifera plant at the concentration ( 4 mlL-1) recorded a 50.67% death rate in the second larval phase. Nanosilica oxide recorded the lowest death rate among all pesticides at the concentration of ( 400 mgL-1), a 37.22% death rate in the adult phase.
3-The second larval phase was the most sensitive to pesticides and recorded the highest mortality rate compared to the fifth larval phase and the adult phase in all pesticides .
4-The duration of the ninth day exceeded all other periods (1, 3, 5, 7and 9) in recording the highest rates of destruction in all pesticides .
5- It was observed through the experiment that the mortality rate of all pesticides increases with the increase in the concentration used and the time periods in the experiment.