تقييم التأثيرات السمية الخلوية للمستخلصات المائية والكحولية لنبات الأسل Juncus rigidus على خطوط خلايا سرطانية بشرية خارج الجسم الحي

Evaluation of Cytotoxic Effects of Aqueous and Alcoholic Extracts of Juncus rigidus Plant on Human Cancer Cell Lines in Vitro

Abstract
The study was conducted during the period between October 2021 and March 2022, where the study included the toxicological effect of aqueous and alcoholic crude extracts of the shoot of Juncus rigidus on three cell lines, including two cancerous lines, including human lung cancer cell line A549 and human breast cancer line MCF- 7 And the third line is a normal cell line for normal human NHF fibroblasts, using six concentrations (200,100,50,25,12.5,6.25) μg/ml and for three periods of exposure (72,48,24) hours.
The quantitative estimation of the active compounds of the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the plant (phenols – flavonoids – alkaloids – tannins) was calculated and estimated at (8.82,5.91,13.42,16.29) mg/g respectively, while the alcoholic extract gave (7.91,6.06,13, 84,16.34) mg/g, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the aqueous and alcoholic extract was also calculated using the DPPH method, as the percentages of free radical inhibition of the aqueous extract (26%,21.51%,18.93%,12.18%,10.56) and the alcoholic extract were 24.31%,20.51%,19.81%,16.43 %, 9.31%)) at concentrations (10,20,30,40,50) mg/ml and respectively.
The results of the test for the efficacy of extracts of the rush extract on the human lung cancer line A549) showed an increase in the percentage of cell growth inhibition for all exposure periods (72,48,24) hours, with a significant difference at the probability level (P≤ 0.05) when compared with the control group. cells not exposed to the extract), where the inhibition rates of the aqueous extract at the exposure periods were (72,48.24) hours (10.13% ± 33), (28.85% ± 2.43), (39.36% ± 1.29) at the concentration (6.25) µg/ ml and respectively, and the percentage of inhibition gradually increased, as the percentage of inhibition at the concentration reached (200) ml/µg to 37.51% ±1.76)), (54.12% ±2.47), (68.96% ±2.15), respectively. The percentage of inhibition increased when the cells were treated with alcoholic extract, and the average percentage of cell inhibition was (15.29% ± 3.04), (30.54% ± 5), (42.27% ± 1) at the lowest concentration (6.25) µg/ml, and the inhibition rates increased to reach (39.38% ± 4.13) , (77.69% ± 5), (83.45% ± 2.9) respectively at the concentration (200) ml/ µg and for the three exposure times.
As for the results of the human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7), it did not differ from that of the lung cancer cell line in the effectiveness of the extracts of the myrtle plant to inhibit the growth of cancer cells. (72,48.24) hours (6.27% ± 0.57), (9.73% ± 2.11), (28.21% ± 0.89), respectively, and the inhibition rate of the aqueous extract at the concentration was (200) ml/µg (28.8% ± 1.4) , (45.97% ± 1.19) and (62.12% ± 1.38), respectively. When using the alcoholic extract, the inhibitory effect was taken with an increase in the cells of the cancer line (MCF-7), where the percentage of the inhibition rate ranged to the lowest concentration (6.25) µg/ml (8.45%) ±2.05), (10±2%.34), (32.85% ±2.06), respectively. The inhibition rate was increased by using the aqueous extract at a concentration of (200) ml/µg to score (31.82% ± 1.63), (54.5% ± 2.45), 72.33 ± 2.31E) respectively.
The aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the vegetative system of the tuberculosis showed less toxicity on the normal human fibroblast line (NHF) compared with the cancerous line (A549) and line (MCF-7), where the aqueous extract recorded a percentage of inhibition (4.35% ± 1.13), ( ( 4.66% ± 0.44) , (4.11% ± 1.33), respectively, for the three exposure times (72,48.24 hours at the concentration (6.25) µg/ml, while when using the concentration (200) ml/ µg) the inhibition rates were recorded (25.95% ± 1.91) , (27.95% ± 2.7) and (29.91% ± 1.36) respectively .The alcoholic extract was more toxic and more effective than aqueous on the cells of the normal line (NHF), as the percentage of inhibition by the alcoholic extract ranged at the concentration (6.25) µg/ml (5.18) ±0.68) , (5.66% ±0.37), (5.49% ±0.44) respectively The percentage rate of inhibition of normal cells increased to the concentration (200) ml/ µg, and it was recorded (28.22% ±1.29), (31.98% ± 0.73), (38.78%±3.29) respectively From the above, we conclude that the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the shoots (stems and leaves) of Juncus rigidus possess many active compounds that have a clear cytotoxic effect on cell growth. The human lung cancer line A549 and the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 for all exposure periods and concentrations used from the aqueous and alcoholic plant extracts, while the inhibition rates for the normal human fibroblast cell line NHF were low compared to its effect on the two cancer lines.