تقييم الدور الوقائي للمستخلص المائي لاوراق نبات الجنكة بيلوبا Ginkgo biloba على التلف الوظيفي والنسجي للجهاز العصبي المركزي الناتج من مادة كلوريد الالمنيوم في ذكور الجرذان البيض

Evaluation the Protective Role of Aqueous Extract of Ginkgo biloba Leaves on Physiological and Histological Damage of Central Nervous System

Summary
The current study aims to know the protective role of the aqueous extract of the Ginkgo biloba against physiological and histological damage in the central nervous system which includes (cerebrum, cerebellum and spinal cord) induced by aluminum chloride (AlCl3) in white male rats.
This study was conducted in the College of Education for Pure Sciences / University of Karbala and the animal house of Pharmacy College / University of Karbala for the period from the beginning of November 2021 until February 2022. This study included use of 90 white male rats Ratuss norvegicus, their ages ranged between 2-3 Months and their weights ranged between 200-240 g. The study included two experiments. The first experiment aimed to determine the half-effective dose (ED50) of the aqueous extract of the Ginkgo biloba by studying the curve of effective dose, 50 adult male rats were used. Which were randomly divided into five equal groups (10 animals/group) and were administered orally four increasing doses of ginkgo aqueous extract daily (0,5, 10, 15 and 20 mg/kg) for 30 days . blood samples were collected after the end of the experiment to study The following parameters were: malonaldehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), total cholesterol (TC), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration. The half-effect dose of the extract was (10 mg/kg/B.W)
The second experiment aimed to study the protective role of the aqueous extract of the Ginkgo biloba against the deleterious effect on the nervous system by aluminum chloride. 40 adult male rats were used, which were randomly divided into four equal groups (10 animals / group), the first group(G1) administered 1 ml / kg of Tap water and considered as a control group, the second group(G2) administered 10 mg / kg of AlCl3, the third group (G3) was administered 10 mg / kg of aqueous extract of the Ginkgo biloba , while the fourth group animals (G4) were administered 10 mg/kg of AlCl3 and 10 mg/kg of aqueous extract of the Ginkgo biloba orally and daily for month .
Fasting blood samples were collected after starving the animals for 8 hours after the end of the experiment to study the following parameters: concentration of soluble acetylcholinesterase AChE(G1), membrane bound acetylcholinesterase AChE (G4), Neuronal Mitochondrial ATPase (Nmit ATPase), Cytochrome C oxidase (COX) , Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), Malondialdehyde (MDA), Reduced Glutathione (GSH), Calcium (Ca+), Free Iron (Fe+), Cortisol, Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) and growth hormone (GH).
The results of this experiment showed that oral administration of AlCl3 caused significant increase (P<0.05) in the concentration of AChE(G1) , TNF-α, MDA, Ca+, Fe+, Cortisol, ACTH and significant decrease (P<0.05) in the concentration of AChE(G4), Nmit ATPase, COX , GSH and GH compared with the negative control group.
Group treated with ED50 of the aqueous extract of Ginkgo biloba showed significant increase (P<0.05) in the concentration of Nmit ATPase, COX and GSH with a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the concentration of AChE (G1), Fe+ and there was no Significant difference (P<0.05) in the concentration of AChE(G4) , TNF-α, MDA, Ca+, Cortisol, ACTH and GH compared with the negative control group.
` The experiment also showed that the oral administration of AlCl3 with oral administration of ED50 of the aqueous extract of the Ginkgo biloba caused no significant differences (P<0.05) in the concentration of AChE(G1), AChE(G4), Nmit ATPase, COX , TNF-α, MDA, GSH, Ca+, Fe+, Cortisol, ACTH and GH compared with the negative control group.
Histological examination showed that oral administration of AlCl3 for 30 days caused neuronal damage with clear degenerative changes in the nervous tissue after treatment with H&E dye, while the treatment of nerve tissue with silver stain showed a clear appearance of Aβ plaques spread in the cerebrum, cerebellum and spinal cord, and the normal composition of nervous tissue with H&E dyes for the group that was orally administration with AlCl3 with oral administration with aqueous extract of Ginkgo biloba with absence of Aβ deposition in the nervous tissue after staining with sulfur stain compared with control group.
It is concluded from the current study that aluminum chloride (AlCl3) causes clear pathological changes in the nervous tissue and confirms that treatment with the half effective dose of aqueous extract of Ginkgo biloba (10 mg/kg) has a protective role against nervous system damage induced by AlCl3 in male white rats.