“دراسة الدورالوقائي للمستخلص المائي البارد لبذور نبات المورينجا اوليفيرا Moringa oleifera على بعض المعايير النسجية والوظيفية في ذكور الجرذان البيض المعاملة بعقار ليفوفلوكساسين”

Study of the protective role of cold aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera seeds on some histological and functional parameters in white male rats

Abstract
The present study aimed to know the effect of cold aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera (M.o) seed with two different concentrations against the liver and kidney damage caused by levofloxacin in male albino rats by studying some histological changes and physiological and biochemical parameters.
The study was carried out in the animal house of the College of Pharmacy / University of Karbala and the laboratories of the College of Education for Pure Sciences – Department of Life Sciences / University of Karbala for the period from the beginning of September 2021 to the end of February 2022, and 36 adult white male rats were used. Rats were randomly distributed into six groups with (6) Animals for each group, their weights ranged from (200-240) g and ages between (12-14) weeks, and they were dosed orally for 30 days as follows: (G1) The first group dosed 1 ml of distilled water, and the negative control group .The second group was dosed with levofloxacin at a concentration of 10 mg/kg of body weight after dissolving it with distilled water, and a positive control group, (G3, G4), the third and fourth groups were dosed with aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera seeds at a concentration of (350 and 650) mg/kg of body weight, respectively.The fifth and sixth groups(G5, G6) were dosed with aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera seeds at a concentration of (350, 650) mg/kg of body weight, respectively, two hours before levofloxacin and at a concentration of 10 mg/kg of body weight. Animals were sacrificed after the end of the experiment period 30 days .
Blood samples were collected in the six groups after one month of dosing, and tissue sections of the liver and kidney were taken For the purpose of studying histological changes on it, which includes measuring both the diameters of hepatocytes, the sinusoids, the diameters of the central vein, and measuring the diameters of the glomerulus and the proximal and distal convoluted tubules. The following parameters were measured: the levels of liver enzymes Alkalinephosphatases (ALP), Aspartate transaminase (AST) and Alanine transaminase (ALT), and estimation of the concentration of total protein (T.P), albumin (Alb.), and globulin. And kidney functions were urea, creatinine, and Erythropoietin (EPO), malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH), and we obtained the following results:
Oral administration of levofloxacin daily to male rats for 30 days led to a significant increase (P≤0.05) in the mean level of liver enzymes (AST,ALT, ALP), urea, creatinine and MDA, and a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the mean level of total protein, albumin, globulin , EPO and GSH compard with the negative control group.
As well as the occurrence of histological changes in the liver represented by the expansion of the hepatic sinusoids, congestion and expansion of the central vein, severe irregularity of the hepatic cords, necrosis of hepatocytes, congestion and large expansion of the portal vein with severe infiltration of inflammatory cells with significant increase (P≤0.05) in rate of the diameters of Hepatocytes, sinusoids, and central vein compared to the negative control group. As for the histological changes of the kidneys represented by severe atrophy in the glomerulus, an increase in Bowman’s space, and a breakdown in the urinary tubules, with the presence of hemorrhage between the renal tubules, necrosis in the lining of the renal tubules, infiltration of inflammatory cells, congestion and shedding of its lining epithelium, with a significant decrease (P≤0.05) in the rate of The diameters of both the glomerulus of the proximal (proximal) convoluted tubule and the distal convoluted tubule (distal) compared to the negative control group (G1).
Oral administration to rats with cold aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera seeds in the third and fourth groups (G4, G3) daily for 30 days led to physiological changes in the functional parameters represented by a significant increase (P ≤ 0.05) in the level of total protein, globulin and glutathione for groups (G3 , G4) compared with the negative and positive control group.and there was a significant decrease (P ≤0.05) in the level of malondialdehyde and in the level of enzymes (ALP، AST, ALT), and the level of urea, creatinine and MAD in groups (G3 , G4) compared with (G2), and there were significant differences in the mean diameters of the liver and kidneys for both groups (G3,G4) compared with the negative control group.
Oral dosing of rats with cold aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera seeds in the fifth and sixth groups (G6, G5) showed a significant decrease (P ≤0.05) in the level of liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP), urea, creatinine and MDA and a significant increase in (P ≤ 0.05) The level of total protein, globulin, albumin, GSH and EPO compared to the positive control group (G2).

As for the histological changes of the liver tissue in the fifth group (G5) it was represented by the presence of sinusoids, expansion and congestion of the central vein with the regularity of part of the cords and hepatocytes, and slight degeneration in some cells. The hepatocytes and their nuclei with a slight expansion of the sinusoids, where the tissue appears closer to the negative control group (G1), while the average diameters, a significant decrease (P≤0.05) was observed in the two groups for the average diameters of each of the hepatocytes, central vein and sinusoids compared with the positive control group (G2). With regard to the tissue of the kidney, the histological changes in the fifth group (G5) were a shrinkage of the glomerulus and an increase in Bowman’s space with the normal structure of some tubules. As for the sixth group (G6), there is no obvious damage in which the glomerulus is observed and the tissue is closer to normal and the presence of Bowman’s capsule and Bowman’s space with the normal structure of the tubules Distal and proximal urinary tract with slight degeneration of some cells compared with the positive (G2) and negative (G1) control group, and there was a significant increase (P ≤ 0.05) in the mean diameter of each glomerulus The proximal convoluted tubule and the distal convoluted tubule compared with the positive control group (G2), respectively.
We conclude from the current study that the cold aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera seeds has the ability to prevent or reduce the toxicity or harmful effects resulting from the administration of levofloxacin to male albino rats, Inhibition of free radical activity , neutralizing oxidative stress on liver and kidney tissues, and some functional parameters through its biological properties and chemical components. Especially effective as an antioxidant.