دراسة تركيز اليورانيوم والرادون والعناصر النزره في العينات البيولوجيه لمرضى السرطان

Rp_ Study of Uranium, Rdon nd Trace Elements Concentrtion in Biological Samples of Cancer Ptients. pdf

Investigating the effects of radioactive and toxic pollution, as well as the high rates of cancer patients worldwide and in Iraq in particular, have become vital, especially given the situation in which Iraq has been and remains vulnerable to the pollution consequences of conflicts and wars. The study dealt with human biological samples from whole blood and tissues from five types of cancers (breast, cervix, kidney, colon, and prostate) to evaluate radioactive and toxic pollution levels in Karbala governorate. It included two groups, one for cancer patients and the other for healthy subjects. The nitrogenous bases present in human DNA, Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), and Thymine (T), were measured for their effects on damage or alteration using a laser source Raman spectra and compared with healthy samples.
The solid nuclear track detector (CR-39) with TASLImage™ Systems was applied to detect the alpha emitters concentrations in the samples: radon concentrations (C_(Rn )), radon concentration inner sample (C_Rn^(s,ac)) radium concentration 〖(C〗_Ra^(s,ac)), annual effective dose (E), and uranium (U) concentrations in( ppm) units. The values of alpha emitters represented by radon and uranium were compared for healthy and patient groups, blood and tissue samples, and then compared with the change of gender, age, smoking, location of rural or urban residence, as well as the type of cancer. The concentration of radon and uranium in the blood samples of cancer patients was 7.631 ± 1.238 (Bq/Kg) and 0.615 ± 0.099 (ppm) respectively, while in the tissue samples, it was 7.385±0.838 (Bq/Kg) and 0.595± 0.211 (ppm) respectively. Statistical comparisons showed significant differences taken into account between cancer patients and healthy subjects in the concentrations of both radon and uranium for both blood and tissue samples, as well as ,the values of radon and uranium being similar between blood and tissue for patient samples, with a very slight increase in blood. Based on the studied radon and uranium concentrations under the influence of gender in the blood and tissue samples, the values were slightly higher for males, which was consistent with these higher percentages of smokers in blood samples and resident areas with tissue samples. The age factor was not a statistical change that was taken into account, although the highest concentrations in the blood and tissues were within the range of 51-60 years. For cancers affecting both genders, there was an increase in radon and uranium concentrations of kidney cancer in blood and tissue samples.
Concentrations of the toxic elements Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Arsenic (As), and the body’s essential elements Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), and Zinc (Zn) were calculated using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), compared for healthy and patient groups, blood and tissue samples, and then compared with the change in gender, age, smoking, and location of rural or urban residence. The concentration of toxic trace elements Leads (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), and Arsenic (As) in blood samples was 5.699± 1.410, 0.314± 0.043, and 0.309± 0.042 (ppm). In tissue samples, these concentrations were found to be 3.199+1.291, 0.121+0.007, and 0.1871+0.027 (ppm) respectively. All values of these elements were higher than the global permissible. While the concentration of essential trace elements Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), and Zinc (Zn) in blood samples was as follows 4.964±1.245, 0.798±0.158, and 155.281±20.537 (ppm) and in tissue samples, as follows 0.182+0.037, 0.141+0.009 and 4.318+0.764 (ppm). Regarding toxic trace elements, the concentrations of Lead were higher than that of Arsenic and Cadmium in blood and tissue samples. On the other hand, Zinc concentration occupied a higher value concerning the Manganese and Nickel in patients and healthy people in blood and tissue samples.The concentrations of Arsenic in the blood samples were higher in men, while Lead and Cadmium were higher in females. The values of Lead and Arsenic were higher among smokers, while the concentration of Lead and Cadmium increased among city residents. In terms of the essential elements, men had higher levels of Manganese, whereas women had higher levels of Zinc and Nickel. Smoking had no impact on altering the concentrations of essential elements, even after taking into account that tissue patients who reside on the city side have higher levels of Manganese and Zinc. In contrast, rural people’s cancerous tissue contained higher levels of Nickel. In general the proportions of toxic elements of Arsenic, Lead and Cadmium were higher than the universally permissible in both blood and tissue samples, also the tissue samples gave preference when detecting the concentrations of the toxic elements Lead, Arsenic and Cadmium compared to using blood samples while the use of whole blood samples was better than tissue when detecting the concentrations of the basic elements in the body, Manganese, Nickel and Zinc.
Examination of the ( DNA) nitrogenous bases using Raman spectroscopy of the chemical bond sites showed a change in the positions of all bonds in Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), and Guanine (G), but in Thymine (T) the bonds at site 642 (cm-1) remained the same. However, sites 1239 (cm-1) and 1208 (cm-1) were almost unaffected in most of the samples.