دور اضافة البورون والورش بالتايروسين في نمو وحاصل صنفين من الشوندر

The role of the addition of boron and the spraying of tyrosine in the growth and product of two beet varieties

Abstract​
The experiment was carried out in the field of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering / College of Agriculture / University of Kerbala in Al-Hasaniyah District of Karbala Governorate during the fall season 2023-2024, with the aim of studying the effect of adding boron and spraying tyrosine on two cultivars of beetroot. The experiment was implemented according to a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) in the order of working experiments and wth three replications. The first factor included two cultivars of beetroot (Local cultivar and Keshtzar cultivar). While the second factor included 9 fertilizer treatments (control, adding boron at a level of 10 kg ha-1, adding boron at a level of 20 kg ha-1, spraying tyrosine at a concentration of 100 mg L-1, spraying tyrosine at a concentration of 150 mg L-1, adding boron at a level of 10 kg ha-1 + spraying tyrosine at a concentration of 100 mg L-1, adding boron at a level of 10 kg ha-1 + spraying tyrosine at a concentration of 150 mg L-1, adding boron at a level of 20 kg ha-1 + spraying tyrosine at a concentration of 100 mg L-1, boron addition at a level of 20 kg ha-1 + spraying of tyrosine at a concentration of 150 mg L-1), they are indicated by symbols (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8 and T9).
• The results showed the following: The T9 treatment outperformed the rest of the fertilizer treatments in terms of the percentage of nitrogen in the leaves, 2.668%, the percentage of phosphorus in the leaves 0.528%, the percentage of potassium in the leaves 2.050%, and the boron content of the leaves 38.34 mg kg-1 fresh weight. It also excelled in the potassium content in the roots, 1.498%, the nitrogen content in the roots 1.275%, the boron content in the roots, 17.56 mg g-1 dry weight, the phosphorus content in the roots 0.525%, the sugars in the roots 10.41%, and the carbohydrates in the roots 10.88 mg g-1. The dry weight and betalain pigment in the roots are 11.60 mg g-1 dry weight and the amount of protein in the roots is 10.25 mg g- dry weight. While the T1 treatment was superior in the percentage of fibers in the roots by 2.373%.The results also showed that the T9 treatment was superior to the other treatments in the number of leaves with an average of 17.68 leaf plant-1, in the weight of the shoot with an average of 314.0 g, the height of the plant was 48.86 cm, the leaf area was 176.4 cm2 and the percentage of chlorophyll in the leaves with an average of 169.0 mg 100 g-1 fresh weight. The root diameter averaged 6.913 mm plant-1, the root length averaged 24.34 cm, the marketable root weight averaged 281.1 g plant-1, the total root weight average 295.6 g plant-1 and the marketing yield (plant productivity) average 46.84 tons ha-1. The T9 treatment also excelled in the qualitative indicators of the roots in the root content of potassium 1.498%, nitrogen 1.275%, phosphorus 0.525% and boron 17.56 mg g-1 dry weight. Total sugars are 10.41%, carbohydrates are 10.88 mg g-1 dry weight, protein is 10.25 mg g-1 dry weight and betalain pigment is 11.60 mg g-1 fresh weight. While the T1 treatment was superior in the ratio of shoot to root total by 1.050% and in the percentage of fiber in the roots by 2.373%.
• As for the varieties, the local variety (A) outperformed the Keshtzar variety (B) significantly in most characteristics, including the percentage of nitrogen in the leaves 2.001%, the percentage of phosphorus in the leaves 0.458%, the percentage of potassium in the leaves 1.728%, and the boron content of the leaves 26.86 mg kg-1 fresh weight and the boron content of the roots is 14.17 mg kg-1 fresh weight, the number of leaves in the plant is 18,323 leaf plant-1, the height of the plant is 53.24 cm, the leaf area is 191.6 cm2, the weight of the shoot is 394.3 g plant-1, the chlorophyll content in leaves 169.0 mg 100 g-1 fresh weight, root diameter 7.400 mm, root length 25.21 cm, marketing root weight 342.2 g plant-1, total root weight 371.6 g plant-1. The total yield is 57.18 tons ha-1, the percentage of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus and boron in the roots is 1.147%, 1.078%, 0.503% and 14.17 mg g-1 dry weight, respectively. The carbohydrates in the roots are 9.441 mg g-1 and the amount of protein in roots 9.441 mg g-1 and the percentage of fiber in the roots is 1.813%. While the keshtzar variety was superior in the amount of sugars in the roots 9.128%, and the betalain pigment 9.407 mg g-1 fresh weight.
• The A×T9 intervention treatment excelled significantly in most indicators. It excelled in the percentage of nitrogen in the leaves and reached (2.800%), phosphorus (0.570%), potassium (2.186%), and boron (41.36 mg g-1 dry weight). It also excelled in the vegetative indicators of the crop. Beets excelled in the number of leaves (19.60 leaves per plant-1), plant height (56.42 cm), leaf area (197.6 cm2), vegetative total (416.0 g per plant-1), and chlorophyll content of the leaves (173.0 mg 100 g fresh weight). It also excelled in indicators. radical The diameter of the root was (7.627 mm), the length of the root was (27.28 cm), the weight of the root was (364.1 g), the weight of the total root was (388.6 g), and the productivity of the plant was (60.71tons per hectare). The B×T1 treatment was superior in the percentage of shoot/root total, reaching (1.050%). In the qualitative indicators of the roots, the A×T9 intervention treatment was superior in the root content of elements and the percentage of nitrogen (1.363%), phosphorus (0.62%), potassium (1.636%), and boron (18.29 mg g dry weight). As for sugars, the B×T9 intervention treatment was superior and gave the highest percentage. It reached (10.95%), while the percentage of fiber in the roots was (1.407%) in the B×T9 intervention treatment. The A×T9 intervention treatment gave the largest amount of carbohydrates, amounting to 11.33 mg g-1 dry weight, and gave the highest percentage of protein, amounting to 11.33%. As for the betalain pigment content of the roots, the B×T9 intervention treatment gave the largest amount of betalain pigment, amounting to (11.96 mg g dry weight)