Prof.Dr Sajid Hassan Guzar
HANEEN AHMED ABD
Department of chemistry, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Karbala, Iraq.
Humans are born with kidneys located on both sides of the spine and the dorsal side below the rib cage. From the twelfth bra paragraph to the third cotton paragraph, one on the right and one on the left. The liver on the right side is higher than the right side. These are two bean-shaped organs, and the adult kidneys are 12 to 10 centimeters (4-5 inches) long. Width 7-5cm (2-3 inches); 3 cm (1 inch) thickness. It is the size of a piece of shower soa, and weighs 150-135 g (5-4.5 oz) [1].
Kidney stones are structures of complex mineral structures deposited from high-saturation solutions. Kidney stones can cause blockages in the urinary tract, causing urinary stagnation and creating the right environment for bacteria that cause urinary tract infections. This blockage may also pave the way for the spread of infection to the upper urinary tract. Urine contains many soluble minerals and salts. Stones are formed when urine contains high concentrations of these minerals and salts. Kidney stones may start small but grow until they fill the internal vacuum of the kidney [2].
They are also formed by the deposition of mineral substances from a highly saturated solution, and most kidney stones, especially small ones, pass out of the body through urine. Their movement and descent are usually accompanied by severe pain. They may obstruct the urinary tract if they are large, leading to a decrease in urine output if they become trapped. In the ureter, it has caused severe renal colic with lower back pain as well, which requires surgical intervention to remove it [3]. Other symptoms include nausea, vomiting, purulent urine, pyuria, blood in the urine, hematuria, obstruction of urine flow, or lack of oliguria due to obstruction of the bladder.
And the ureter, as well as the urethra with stones, with a constant desire to urinate and burning in the urine when the stones come down, and thus the urine becomes cloudy and smelly in addition to fever, weakness, chills, loss of appetite, and weight loss [4].
Kidney stones have no obvious reason but as a result of a combination of factors. Stones are formed when there is an incorrect balance of liquids, minerals, and various acids in the urine [5]
Patients with repeated kidney stones should normally be evaluated by collecting urine for 24 hours and analyzing it chemically to detect deficiencies and excesses that promote stone formation.
Recommendations for avoiding kidney stones disease:
1-Drink pure water in sufficient quantities daily
2- Do not eat too much red meat and dairy products. It should be close to the normal limit, that is, from 1000 to 1500 milligrams per day. The risk of formation of new stones is higher if the diet contains very little calcium, so patients should not rule out calcium. Completely from their diet, but they may need to avoid sources of excessive calcium, like an antacid.
3- A diet with little sodium and lots of potassium is a recommended measure by doctors.
References
1- Chopra, S. Cherian, D. Verghese, P. P. & Jacob J. J. Physiology and clinical significance of natriuretic hormones. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2013. 17(1): p. 83.
2- Blasl-Kling, F. Dold S. K. Klein, J. T. Wakileh, G. A. Humke, U. & Ebert, A. K.Guideline-adherence in the treatment of symptomatic urolithiasis in children and adolescents in southwestern Germany. BMC urology, 2020. 20(1): p. 1-6.
3- Coe, F.L. A. Evan, and E. Worcester, Kidney stone disease. The Journal of clinical investigation, 2005. 115(10): p. 2598-2608.
4- Ansari, M. S. Gupta. N. P. Hemal. A. K. Dogra. P. N., Seth, A., Aron, M., & Singh, T. P.Spectrum of stone composition: structural analysis of 1050 upper urinary tract calculi from northern India. International journal of urology, 2005. 12(1): p. 12-16
5- Hardiman, O. Al-Chalabi, A. Chio, A. Corr, E. M. Logroscino, G., Robberecht, W. … & Van Den Berg, L. H. Kidney stones. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 2016. 2(1): p. 1-23
