الاعياد والمناسبات الدينية في العهد البويهي 334-447هـ دراسة تاريخية

Rp-Feasts and Religious Opportunities in Buyid Era 334 – 447 H.: A Historical Study.pdf

Abstract:
The study that we introduced which studied Feasts and Religious Opportunities in Buyid Era presented a number of results that have to be clarified. They all were reflection for the nature of situations and development that society in Baghdad affected by. It is well known that Buyid invaded Baghdad with a foreign army and established an inheriting emirate as well. They were Shia who did not admit the Abbasid caliphate of Suni doctrine. The reality reflected on their treatment to Abbasid caliphs. So, the caliph has no more than his name after their control despite their pretense with respect and obedience to him in fron of people. Within these situations, Buyid freely practiced their old habits and heritage in Baghdad, for Islamic community went on during Buyid Era in celebrating with feasts and religious and social opportunities particularly that ones which were dominant in the beginning of Islam. We concluded that Buyid due to their Shia tendencies and Persian origins were supporting intentions of the opponent movements to Abbasid caliphate; in addition. Buyid were the first who started Husseini consolation and transferred it from a private framework to the general one represented by streets, general convoys, markets, etc. They also dignified and urged for the interest of reconstructing holy shrines as well animating feasts as Futer, Adha, Ghadear, and births and invented special ceremonies and conventions, and convoys. This is in addition to their interest with caliphate house and decorate in opportunities. It was also a house that holds opportunities, consolation, celebrations, feat, entering and going convoys out of it, crowning princes, appointing caliphs and dethroning them, etc.
It is clear that Buyid period despite its shortness where in Baghdad was governed, it has great role in Baghdad community from one side and on Abbasid caliphate which collapsed from the other side.
After our study to the subject of Feasts and Religious Opportunities in Buyid Era, we concluded the following points:
1. Islamic community during Buyid era lasted in celebrating in feasts and religious and social opportunities which were dominant in the beginning of Islam that give clear image for belonging to Islamic nation.
2. Buyid did not invent a new thing on the cultural and scientific levels, but the highly participated in increasing the area of science and knowledge to a high extent during their ruling period, great Quran readers, orators, writers, poets, and others appeared and they employed that cultural and scientific rise to their ruling, nations, and doctrine.
3. Based on the above, we conclude that Buyid left a big trace and print in high civilized achievements especially during the era of Adhad Al Dawlah Buyid who established many cultural and architectural achievements represented by building palaces, houses, mosques, hospitals, shrines, bridges, etc. and focused on reconstructing holy shrines especially in holy Kerbala, Najaf, and others.
4. Every caste in Iraq had their own feast. Thus, Muslims were interested in the two feasts: Alfter and Al Adhha with great dignity and majesty, and celebrating with the prophet’s ( p.b.u.h.) birth, where common people approach and pray Allah by introducing almsgiving and contacting relatives, this is beside other nations and religion that hold celebrating in their feasts.
5. Buyid had bigotry to the Persian origin and encouraged their own habits, customs, and conventions. So, they celebrated with Neirooz and Festival where they ignited fire in their feasts and this caused prevalence of habits and conventions that were not dominant before. The music gathering and singing have great role during Buyid era and witnessed great interest in places of Buyid’s princes with gathering of music and literary men beside joking spirit represented by imitators to prepare an atmosphere of entertainment in the gathering.
6. Perfume market had great role in Buyid era where licorice, violet, and mercury were fashionable and expensive for those were the best kinds of perfumes as well scent market which was devoted for roses, scent and musk market in Baghdad.
7. Clothes market in Baghdad witnessed great prosperity and produced different types of clothes such as Atabiyah Clothes. Dresses of men of state and princes differed from those of laymen who were imitating caliphs in their dresses. However, dresses of common people characterized by simplicity, whereas women’s dresses differed due to their social and economic situations.
8. Going out to public gardens and entertainment, therefore. caliphs and princes used to go to Tigris banks and practiced joyful playing beside their going to hunting and horse riding. It is clear that bathrooms had great role for they introduced social services to some Baghdadi community.
9.Buyid were not the first one who held consolation in Ashora memory but they enlarged it and got it out of the short moaning circle in houses, private gatherings, and quite clubs. The most important step that Buyid did was their declaration that Husseini convoys as an official office that were cared by the state in 352 H./ 963 A.D.
10. Feasts and opportunities that were cared by the state was considered as the political marriage where the aim beyond these celebrations was to enhance the Buyid ruling on caliphate and celebration with appointing or victory.
11. Controversies about saying “come to the best work” in prayer, the prophet’s saying, and infallible Imams’ speech happened, which proved that the expression “come to the best work” was available as a part of Azan (calling for praying).