التوصيف الكيميائي والحيوي للزيوت الاساسية لبعض المستخلصات النباتية وتأثيرها على طفيلي (Ross,1903) Leishmania donovani خارج الجسم الحي

Chemical and biological characterization of the essential oils of some plant extracts and their effect on the parasite Leishmania donovani (Ross, 1903) ex vivo.

Abstract

The current study was conducted on the visceral leishmaniasis parasite in general and children in particular. This study included identifying the spread of visceral leishmaniasis in the Children’s Specialized Hospital in Karbala Governorate during the period from November 2022 to June 2023 and after the cases were diagnosed by doctors specializing in pediatrics and internal medicine. The diagnosis was made based on bone marrow examination. Among 62 patients who underwent examination, 8 individuals were confirmed to be infected with visceral leishmaniasis, distributed among the regions under study. The current study reviewed data on age group, sex, and the extent of prevalence by geographic region and month of infection.
The results showed that the highest infection rate was recorded in the month of March out of the total number of infections, 50%. The highest infection rate according to location of residence and gender was recorded in the Specialized Children’s Hospital of Karbala Governorate, with a significance value of 0.1778 for the areas under study. It was also noted that the highest percentage of infection according to age factor was 60. % for males and 33.3% for females for the age group between 1-3 years. As the results showed, males are more affected by the disease than females.
The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide cytotoxicity assay (MTT assay) was used to detect the effect of treatment with the volatile oils of the Mediterranean cypress and lavender plants on the viability of the anterior flagellar stage of the parasite Leishmania visceralis promastigotes. Then, 3 drug spectra were used for each plant, represented by the essential oil of the lavender plant and the essential oil of the medium cypress plant, and the synergistic effect of the lavender and medium cypress oils. Secondly, a series of concentrations was conducted for each drug spectrum under study, with three replicates for each concentration. The concentrations for the plant essential oils were 1000, 500, 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25 microliters/ml.
The results of the cytotoxicity test under the influence of the treatment of the essential oils of the two plants under study showed that the two highest concentrations of the volatile oil of the lavender plant, 1000 and 500 microliters/ml, gave the highest percentage of inhibition of cellular growth at a value of 85% and 88%, while the essential oil of the cypress plant recorded average results other than The essential oil of the lavender plant showed that the low concentrations of 125 and 62.5 microliters/ml showed the highest percentage of biological inhibition on the Leishmania anterior flagellum parasite, reaching 84% and 87%. As for the synergistic action of the lavender plant and the medium cypress plant, as the concentration was 62.5 microliters/ml, it was recorded. The highest percentage of inhibition was 82.4%, while the concentration of 250 microlitres/ml recorded the lowest ability to kill cells, at a rate of 63%.
The study examined the chemical content of the volatile oil extracted from the buds of the lavender plant and the volatile oil extracted from the leaves of the Mediterranean cypress plant. The compounds were identified using the (GC/MS) technique.
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry It has been shown that there are twenty-three chemical compounds in the volatile oil of the lavender plant and eighteen compounds in the medium cypress plant resulting from secondary metabolism, which have an effective role in medical treatments as an antioxidant, anti-viral, anti-parasitic, and as a means of defense for the plant. It included many compounds belonging to terpenes, alkaloids, Steroids, esters, unsaturated fats, and essential oils. The compounds classified from the volatile oil of the lavender plant were characterized by high esters, and the benzyl benzoate compound recorded a percentage of 47.57% of the total compounds isolated over the rest of the compounds. As for the volatile oil of the medium cypress plant, the terpenes showed the highest percentage and were represented by the alpha-pinene compound. -pinene was recorded at a concentration of 26.35%, and Delta3-carene was at a concentration of 15.78%. Chemical compounds played an effective role in distinguishing between the two types, while the two compounds DELTA.3-Carene Himachalene contributed to distinguishing between the two types under study from a chemical standpoint, as it appeared in the medium cypress plant. It is absent in the lavender plant, as is the case for the compounds Methylbicyclo [3.3.1]nonane endo-2- , Caryophyllene oxide-, trans beta.-Ocimene -[oxybis (methylene)]bis Benzene, 1, , ISO-Caryophyllene in the lavender plant and is absent. Their presence in the Mediterranean cypress plant. From the above, the importance of the compounds and their effective role in distinguishing and isolating plant species and diagnosing them chemically based on their constituent compounds is clear