الملامح الثقافية في شواهد مهجم اساس البلاغةللزمخشري ت 638ه

Culture Semiotics in Witnesses of Thesaurus ( Isas Al Belagha) by the Supreme Scholar Jar Allah Al Zemekhsheri ( died 538 H.)

Abstract:
The cultural and literary life in the world witnessed a noticeable development after the mid of second blessing Hijri century. Appearance of the dictionary publication movement is considered one of the linguistic and literary activity. Establishment of dictionaries was a necessity to collect and stabilize the language vocabulary especially when the society became more cultured and widely language used. It is well known that Arabic language was established on people transfer through the oral narration in the tribal Arabic society. When Arabs moved from the tribal life into state ruling, that is from tribes with fanaticism nature into a multi origins, roots culturally and linguistically from the oral narration to writing, and from the inherited language into the acquired one by learning, there was a necessity to keep this heritage to avoid extinction and corruption.
Thus, Arabic scholars, in the past, realized the urgent need for the dictionary publishing due to its importance to protect the language and to take care and present its users soundly. Therefore, they intended writing and classification. The idea of dictionary to Arabs after descending the holy Quran, converting non Arabs to Islam and hardening some Quranic expressions to many of them, all this demanded explaining what is strange in Quran, hadith, and Arabic language in general.
Arabs scholars’ perspectives and devices varied. So, the richness of Arabic library increased and many dictionaries for various purposes. The dictionaries included linguistics witnesses from Holy Quran, holy Hadith, narrated Arabic poetry, and Arabic rhetoric speech. The witnesses represent an important valuable private linguistic fortune in what is implied the most important dictionaries like ” Al Jemherah” by Ibn Duraid ( died 321 H.), ” Tehtheab Al Lugha” by Al Azheri( died 370 H.), ” Al Sehah” by Al Jewhari( died 389 H.), ” Isas Al Belagha” by Jar Allah Al Zemekhsheri ( died 538 H.) , ” Lisan Al Arab” by Ibn Menthour( died 711 H.), and ” Taj Al Arou” by Al Zubaidi( died 1205 H.). These witnesses represent cultural signs of the Arabic society.
On this base, the idea of studying dictionary” Isas Al Belagha” Culture Semiotics by Mahmoud Jar Allah Al Zemekhsheri witnesses was born in the light of the articles of semio cultural. The study consists of three chapters preceded by a detailed preface where the researcher tackled a simplified historical study to the development of the semiotic approach concept. The most significant thinkers who dealt with this science and their intellectual traces in its progress. the researcher stopped at emergence of the semio cultural concept and its progress through Moscow Tartu group. the preface was about the dictionary witness, its types where the researcher shed the light on the dictionary” Isas Al Belagha” which is the core of the study, where a part of its writer Mahmoud Jar Allah Al Zemekhsheri( died 538 H.).
The first chapter was devoted for studying the dictionary witnesses that were mentioned in the dictionary and what the Arabs said in pre Islam era including poetry, prose, and individual expressions for these are cultural signs implying an old Arabic culture in the Arabic society before Islam.
The first chapter has three sections. The first section discussed the country concept ( the tribe) in the Arabic culture before Islam including the tribe issues as origins and degrees of the tribal society. The second section dealt with the invasions and wars culture to the pre Islamic person. The third section stated the Arabic tribal sociology before Islam.
The second chapter which was entitled ” a cultural reading to witnesses of the beginning of Islam era: has three sections. The first section was about the political life of the beginning of Islam era, it included several topics as the concept of affiliation to the new state, the centrality of the great prophet in building the Islamic state, and the society classes in the beginning of Islam era. The second section was about the culture of the civil state and Jihad for the sake of Allah within topics like the Jihad culture in the Islamic thought, the prophet’s ( p.b.u.h.)invasions, his detachments till Al Hudaibiyah truce and the topic of wars causes. The third section was about the economic and social life in the beginning of Islam era where the researcher stopped at the concept of richness and poorness in the society and the social classes at that era.
The third chapter, culture semiotics was tackled in witnesses of Umayyad state, it has three sections. The first section was about the political life in that era, through studying the poetic witnesses and others that were said about that era. The researcher stopped at reflections of appearing Beni Umayyad state, impacts of their conflicts on cultural and economic sectors of the community, and the wars that formed a prominent cultural sign in the Islamic Arabic history.
After completing chapters of the research, I stopped at a brief conclusion where the most important results were shown. This is in addition to a list of references and bibliographies that the researcher relied on.