تأثير صفات الترب وأنواعها في انتاجية محاصيل الحبوب في قضاء المحاويل

Rp-The Effect of Soil Features ts Types on the Production of Grain Crops in Al-Mahaweel District .pdf

ABSTRACT
The study focused on researching the properties of soil (physical and chemical) as an important factor in the development of agricultural production, especially in the Mahaweel district, which is located in the northeastern part of Babil Governorate, between latitudes (9̅ 32⁰, 5̅ 33⁰) in the north and longitudes (97̅ 43). , 21̅ 45⁰) to the east, and the shape of the governorate is almost inclined to a triangular shape, while the spatial space of the district is limited at two latitudes (20˭ 25̅ ⁰32 ⁰32, 20˭ 49̅ 32⁰) in the north and between longitudes (50˭ 20̅ 45⁰, 6 40) ) to the east and has a rectangular shape extending towards northwest and southeast with an area of up to (593) km2. water resources, soil
A prominent role in the variation of soil properties, and through the study of the geological structure and the surface, it becomes clear to us the important role in influencing the soil and its properties through the process of erosion and the retention of important nutrients for plants and soil in addition to maintaining the moisture content because the study area is characterized by flatness being an area located within the flat sedimentary plain areas on the banks of Euphrates and its tributaries. As for the climate factor and its various elements, it had a prominent role in influencing the properties of the soil (physical and chemical) and thus the impact of this discrepancy on agricultural production (wheat, barley, and corn).
From (solar radiation, temperature, amount of rain, relative humidity and evaporation) as a result of the climatic changes taking place, especially the high temperature in the summer and the decrease in the amount of rain that is characterized by low rainfall and fluctuation in the winter season, which prompted farmers to rely on tourist irrigation, which is characterized due to the scarcity due to the water policy carried out by the neighboring role (Turkey and Iran) to build dams on the headwaters of the Tigris and Euphrates during the past recent years, and this is why the climate and its elements are the most prominent factor that played an important role in affecting the properties of the soil and consequently the decrease in the production of grain crops in the district of Al-Mahaweel .
The study also showed the impact of human factors in terms of (irrigation and drainage network, plowing, fertilization, transportation, marketing, labor, agricultural machinery and equipment, and agricultural policy) and the impact of each of them on the production of grain crops, as it had a major role in the variation in the size of agricultural areas. The quantities of production and the consequences, such as lower yields or higher prices, as well as the study of the reality of the production of grain crops at the level of administrative units in terms of (area and yield and production) and the study of spatial variation for cultivation and production of these crops and knowledge of the most and least areas in production.
Where Al Mashroo region ranked first in area and production for wheat and corn crops, while the Nile region ranked first for the barley crop, while the district center ranked fourth and last for all crops (wheat, barley and sorghum).
The study proceeded to conduct laboratory analyzes of the soil properties (physical and chemical) for the study area, which included (12) samples for four areas, each area 3 samples, and then projecting their data on maps with technical coordinations to give each property a spatial weight to know the extent of its impact on soil construction and on the production of crops cereal as for the physical properties, they were (soil texture, moisture content and soil density), as for the soil texture, the soils of the study area varied (between clay soils, mixtures, alluvial clays, alluvial clays and alluvial mixtures), where the laboratory analysis showed that the distribution of clay is spread in proportions It is high in the areas of the Nile and the front, and at medium rates in Al Mashroo areas. As for the center of the judiciary, the proportions of clay decrease significantly. As for sand and silt, it spreads in large proportions in the areas of Mahaweel and Al Mashroo and decreases in the soils of the Nile and the Imam. As for the moisture content, it increases by large percentages in the soils of the Nile and the Imam, while it decreases in the soils As for the apparent and real density, it increases in the soils of Mahaweel and Al Mashroo and decreases in the soils of the Nile and the Imam, while the porosity decreases in the soils of the Mahaweel and Al Mashroo and increases in the soils of the Nile and the Imam As for the chemical properties, they were (organic matter, reaction function, cation exchange capacity, electrical conductivity, calcium carbonate, soluble positive ions, negative ions, ready nitrogen, ready phosphorous, sodium adsorption ratio), and the results of laboratory analysis showed an increase in the proportions of dissolved positive ions. The positive effect on the plant is the negation of the Nile and the forward soils, while the percentages of negative ions in their soils decrease, and on the contrary, the percentages of dissolved positive ions decrease, while the percentages of negative ions affecting production increase, as is the case with the cationic exchange capacity, ready nitrogen, ready phosphorus and potassium Ready-made and organic matter, it spreads in high rates in the soils of the Nile and Al Mashroo and decreases in the soils of Mahaweel and Al Mashroo.
The study concluded, through statistical analysis, that the soils of the Nile and the Imam are clay, mixed and mixed alluvial neutral or alkaline soils, in which the proportions of clay are increased, and sand and silt are reduced, and with good moisture content, high porosity, and suitable chemical properties of organic matter, positive ions and nutrients, so they are suitable for the production of all crops, especially grain crops, so the Nile region came second in terms of production quantities after the Al Mashroo and the Imam sub-district second. The reason may be due to lack of water resources and the lack of areas allocated for agriculture. As for Al Mashroo, it is the first aspect in terms of production quantities, as it has alluvial mixed soil, and alluvial clay, It has a high percentage of sand and silt, while clay is found in medium quantities and it has a low moisture content with low porosity ratios and high concentrations of sodium, electrical conductivity and sodium absorption rate. Perhaps the reason for the high production quantities in it is due to the capacity of agricultural areas compared to the Nile and the front and the availability of water resources represented by the Great Musayyab project manpower, and so on.