تأثير فايروس موزائيك الخيار (Cucumber mosaic virus) على نبات الطماطة (lycopersicom L. (Solanum و مقاومته باستخدام بعض عوامل المقاومة الإحيائية والتراكيب الوراثية

RP-Effect of Cucumber mosaic virus on tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicom L.) and its control using some biological control factors and tomato .pdf

The aim of this study was to investigate the response of some tomato genotypes against Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and to understand the impact of infection with the virus on the content of tomato fruits with some mineral elements (sodium, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, iron and lead), plant hormones (gibberellins and cytokinins), vitamin C, carbohydrates, enzymes (peroxidases and catalases), as well as the proline amino acid, total phenols, some indicators of vegetative and flowering growth, and the yield of one plant.
This study also aimed to control the virus by using some biopesticides (Trichozon, TriBio5 and Verox) by treating the plants before, during and after the infection to observe the effect of this on the severity of the infection and the plant content of some mineral elements, plant hormones, enzymes, carbohydrates, vitamin C and the amino acid proline. All experiments in this study were carried out in the plant virus laboratory, biotechnology laboratory, and plastic houses at the Department of Plant Protection/College of Agriculture, University of Kerbala, during the growing season of 2022–2023.
The results of testing genotypes of tomato plants (Bayan, Heba Madina, Mercur, Oscar, Emmylou, Basmah, Plato, Zenga, and Joleene) showed that all genotypes were sensitive to infection, with varying sensitivity degrees. It was found that the genotypes Bayan and Heba were the most sensitive to infection with CMV at 88.88% and 100%, respectively, On the other hand, the genotypes Madina, Joleene, and Zenga were the least sensitive to infection, with infection rates of 31.11%, 44.44%, and 46.66%, respectively.
The results also showed that the viral infection had a clear effect on reducing the levels of the mineral elements calcium, phosphorus, iron, and lead in the genotypes infected with CMV, and the genotypes (Basmah and Heba) were the most affected (with a significant difference) with levels of 28.10 mmol.L-1 and 1.92 mmol.L-1, 0.018 ppm and 0.016 mmol L-1, respectively, compared to their levels in non-infected plants, which were , 0.023 ppm, 0.024 mmol L-1, 44.30 mmol.L-1, 3.22 mmol.L-1 , respectively. Additionally, it was observed that the viral infection had a significant effect on reducing the levels of the hormone gibberellin (53.53 μg ml-1), carbohydrates (27.03%), and vitamin C (6.62 mg g-1 fresh weight) with a significant difference from their content in uninfected plants, which amounted to 55.30 μg ml-1, 44.93%, and 15.41 mg g-1 fresh weight, respectively.
The results also showed an increase in the levels of sodium (0.38 ppm), potassium (79.93 ppm), peroxidase (11.53 units ml-1), catalase (1.47 units ml-1), and the amino acid proline (62.4 μg ml-1) and cytokinins (87.56 μg ml-1) and phenols (0.45 mg g-1 dry weight) in genotypes infected with CMV virus, with a significant difference from their normal levels in uninfected plants, with rates of 0.22 ppm and 45.57 ppm, and 4.49 units ml-1 and 0.63 units mL-1, 28.6 µg mL-1, 31.32 µg mL-1, and 0.42 mg g-1 dry weight, respectively. As for virus control, some biopesticides (TriBio5, Verox, and TriBio5) were used to treat tomato plants (Joleene variety) that are sensitive to Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) before, during, and after infection with the virus to observe the effect of these treatments on the severity of the infection and the plant contents of some elements (sodium, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, iron, and lead), plant hormones (gibberellins and cytokinins), vitamin C, carbohydrates, enzymes (peroxidase and catalase), the amino acid proline, total phenols, and some indicators of flowering growth, productivity, and dry weight of treated tomato plants. The results showed that Verox pesticide was the most effective in reducing the severity of the infection when the plants were treated before infection with the virus.
The plants treated with TriBio5 before infection also gave the highest rates in the levels of the mineral elements calcium, iron, and lead, with a significant difference from their levels in the plants infected with the virus (comparison treatment), while it was observed that the levels of sodium and potassium increased in the plants treated with Verox biopesticide after infection to reach 77.07 and 87.08 ppm, respectively. The results also showed that the treatment of tomato plants with the biopesticide Verox before infection with the virus gave the highest rates of plant content of the gibberellin hormone (27.84 μg ml-1), with a significant difference from the content of the plants treated during and after infection with CMV. As for the cytokinin hormone, the treatment of plants after infection with the virus was the highest (27.52 μg ml-1) compared to the treatment times before and during infection with the virus, which averaged 23.84 and 25.52 μg ml-1, respectively.
As for the peroxidase and catalase enzymes, their levels were highest in the plants treated with the TriBio5 biopesticide after infection with the virus, at rates of 13.69 units ml-1 and 13.69 units ml-1, respectively, compared to their levels in the treated plants before infection, which amounted to 14.64 units ml-1 and 1.01 units ml-1, respectively. Results also showed that the highest levels of vitamin C and carbohydrates were achieved in plants treated with Verox before infection, at rates of 17.28 mg 100 g-1 fresh weight and 61.07%, respectively, with a significant difference from infected plants during and after infection for both vitamins (14.25 mg 100 g-1 fresh weight and 12.02 mg 100 g-1 fresh weight, respectively) and carbohydrates (48.23% and 42.37%, respectively).
The plants treated with Trichozon before infection with the virus gave the highest number of inflorescences and florets 37.33 inflorescences plant-1 and 82.67 flowers inflorescence-1, respectively, and this differed significantly from the rates given by the plants treated with the same pesticide during infection with the virus (CMV), which amounted to 28.33 inflorescences plant-1 and 65.33 flowers inflorescence-1. The results also showed that the highest plant yield and the highest dry weight of the vegetative and root systems were in the plants treated with the biopesticide Verox before infection with the virus, at rates of 867 and 67.10 g plant-1, respectively, and they differed significantly from the rates of yield of treated plants during and after infection with the virus, which amounted to 426 and 233 g plant-1, respectively, for plant yield and 41.07 and 34.06 g plant-1, respectively, for dry weight.