تقدير فعالية بعض الجزيئات النانوية في السيطرة على التلوث بالفطريات المعزولة من بعض المخطوطات التاريخية في العتبة الحسينية

Estimating the effectiveness of some Nanoparticles in Control contamination by Fungi isolated from some Historical Manuscripts on the at the Al-Hussein Holy

Summary:
This study was conducted in the Collage of Education for Pure Sciences at the University of Karbala as a part of series of isolation and diagnosis of fungi associated with historical manuscripts in the Center for the maintenance and restoration of manuscripts and the care of researchers for the period from 20/11/2018 to 20/1/2019, at the holy shrine of Hussein in the city of Karbala. In order to preserve the manuscripts and the use of zinc nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles to control the fungi that cause damage to the manuscripts and described as an additive to the restoration paste.
The isolated fungi were diagnosed in the traditional way , the total number of isolated fungal species was found. Enzymatic activity was also tested for the detection of lysate fungi of manuscript components. The enzymes were cellulase, protease, amylase and lipase.
The fungi were diagnosed molecularly by PCR method and were represented by seven fungi registered for the first time in Iraq in general and on the manuscripts in particular. They are Alternaria atra , Aspergillus ustus, Cladosporium exasperatum, Chaetomium globosum, Microdochium nivale , 1-Penicillium tardochrysogenum , 2- Penicillium tardochrysogenum . It was registered at the Genbank World Bank and carried serial numbers MK503427 و MK503428و MK504425و MK504424و MK503439و MK504426و MK504427. The Blast program was used to identify the genetic tree of the detected fungi as well as to determine the relationship of homology to international isolates.
Frequency%, Occurrence% and DII Distribution Intensity Index were calculated for the fungi recorded in the Gene Bank and tested for the use of nanomaterials ( Zinc nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles).
The phenotypic properties of the fungal colonies on the culture medium were studied after treatment with nanomaterials and compared with control treatment. The fungi-affected manuscripts were treated with these two nanomaterials within the paste prepared for the purpose of restoration and maintenance of the manuscripts.
The results showed 557 fungal isolates, the beginning of the manuscript gave the highest percentage of fungal numbers 239 by 43.76%. The results of the enzyme tests of the seven recorded fungi showed that Alternaria atra and Aspergillus ustus had the highest efficacy of cellulase enzyme in relation to the diameter of the corona formed 47.44 and 47.00 mm which are not significantly different. Aspergillus ustus and Chaetomium globosum were not significantly different. The amylase showed high activity of the Microdochium nivale with a halo diameter of 60.22 mm in terms of the halo diameter which was not significantly different from the Aspergillus ustus with a halo diameter of 59.33 mm. which are significantly different from the Microdochium nivale with a halo diameter of 63.22 mm.
Aspergillus ustus showed the highest percentage of appearance (11.6%), the highest percentage of frequency (14.93%) and the highest distribution density (44.82%), while the Chaetomium globosum recorded the lowest percentage of appearance, frequency and distribution density (7.0, 12.47 and 24.71% respectively).
The molecular results of the fungi recorded in the World GeneBank and through the genetic tree and the results showed that Iraqi isolation of Aspergillus ustus was 100% similar to Egyptian, Brazilian, Chinese, American and Dutch isolates. 1,2 Penicillium tardochrysogenum has 100% similarity with the Spanish, Indian, North African, Chinese and Slovakian isolates.
All seven fungi recorded in the World GeneBank recorded an effect with silver nanoparticles and zinc nanoparticles . Alternaria atra and Penicillium tardochrysogenum1 had the highest inhibition rate of 10 mm fungal colony diameter, when treated with 25 mg / L zincnanoparticle maixed with PDA, which did not significantly differ from Microdochium nivale and 1-Penicillium tardochrysogenum. Alternaria atra and 2-Penicillium tardochrysogenum , showed the highest inhibition rate of fungal colony diameter of 13.33 mm when treated with 25 mg / l nanoparticles of PDA.
Microscopic examination of fungal hypha showed that they had an effect on nanocomposites with increasing concentration of nanomaterial. This effect ranges from the complete destruction of the fungal hypha and its explosion, especially in high concentrations of nanomaterials, to the aggregation of fungal cell protoplasm, especially in medium concentrations of nanomaterials, or deviation in the course of the fungus hypha keep away from the toxic substance by agglomeration in a certain place of the microscopic space under examination, especially in low concentrations, as well as reduction of conidia either small size or deformation depending on the type of fungus and the concentration of nanomaterials.
Tests of samples taken from smears from old manuscripts after treatment with the high concentration of 25 mg per liter of paste prepared for the purpose of restoration of each individual zinc or silver nanoparticles were reduced by the number of fungi compared to the manuscript before restoration.