دراسة التأثير الوقائي للمستخلص المائي والنانوي لبذور نبات تين الفيل Aframomum melegueta على بعض المعايير النسجية والفسلجية في ذكور الجرذان البيض المعاملة بثنائي أوكسيد التيتانيوم

Study the protective role of aqueous and nano-extracts of Aframomum meleguet seeds on some Histological and Physiological parameters in male albino rats treated with Titanium dioxid

Abstract

The current study aimed to determine the protective effect of the aqueous and nano-extract of the Aframomum melegueta, to reduce the effect of liver and kidney damage caused by the preservative titanium dioxide nanoparticles (Tio2NPs) in male albino rats by studying some functional and histological changes.
The study was conducted in the animal house of the College of Pharmacy – University of Karbala for the period from September 2023 until November 2023. (36) Adult (10) weekes male white rats were used, their weight ranged between (180-300) grams, and they were randomly divided into ((6groups including (6) animals for each group were dosed orally for a period of (30) days. The first group was considered G1 (the negative control group dosed orally and daily with tap water, and the second group was the positive control group) G2) was dosed orally with nano-titanium dioxide at a high concentration) 100 ( mg/kg dissolved in distilled water, the third group (G3) was dosed with the aqueous extract of A.melegueta seeds at a concentration of (200) mg/kg, the fourth group (G4) was dosed with the nano-extract of A.melegueta seeds at a concentration of (100) mg/kg, and the fifth group (5G) was dosed With the aqueous extract of A.melegueta seeds at a concentration of (200) mg/kg, then it was dosed with nano-titanium dioxide at a concentration of (100) mg/kg after (3-4) hours. As for the sixth group (G6), it was dosed with the nano-extract of the A.melegueta plant at a concentration of (100). mg/kg, then dosed with nano-titanium dioxide at a concentration of (100) mg/kg after (3-4) hours.
Blood samples were collected in the six groups after (30) days of oral dosing, and blood serum was obtained for the purpose of measuring the level of the following functional parameters: levels of the liver enzymes Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alanine transaminase (ALT), Alkalinephosphatase (ALP), and urea. Urea and creatinine, and indicators of enzymatic oxidative stress that included maloaldialdehyde (MDA), the antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT), the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), and measurement of lipid standards and cholesterol (CH), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), in addition to taking histological sections of the liver and kidney to study the histological changes in them, and we obtained the following results:
Histological study showed the presence of histological changes in the liver tissue of the positive control group (G2), including severe dilatation and congestion in the central vein, congestion, and dilatation in the sinusoids, with irregularity in the hepatic cords, as well as infiltration of inflammatory cells compared to the negative control group. No effects were observed on the histological structure of liver tissue in the two groups treated with the aqueous and nano extracts of the Aframomum melegueta (G3, G4) at a concentration of (200, 100) mg/kg of body weight, indicating the safety of these extracts and concentrations on liver tissue. The results of histological examination of liver tissues in the preventive groups treated with the aqueous and nano extracts of the Aframomum melegueta (G5, G6) at a concentration of (200, 100) mg/kg and nano titanium dioxide at a concentration of (100) mg/kg showed that the aqueous and nano extracts contributed to reducing the toxic effects of nano titanium dioxide in liver tissues, The liver tissue in the G5 preventive group was less affected by the toxicity of nano-titanium dioxide when compared to the positive control group treated with nano-titanium dioxide (100) mg/kg, The toxic effects of nano titanium dioxide on liver tissue were reduced, as central vein congestion and regularity of the hepatic cords, with a slight expansion of the sinusoids and the normal of hepatic cell. As for group (G6) treated with the nano extract of fig seeds at a concentration of (100) mg/kg, a high degree of improvement was observed, and the tissue was closer to the normal state, the normal central vein, regularity of the hepatic cords, clarity of normal hepatic cells and their nuclei, with the presence of sinusoids in their normal form.
As for the histological changes in the kidney tissue of the positive control group (G2), they included shrinkage of the renal glomeruli, , and shedding of their lining, with the observation of blood congestion and infiltration of inflammatory cells compared to the negative control group. No effects were observed on the histological structure of the kidney tissue of the two groups treated with the aqueous and nano extracts of Aframomum melegueta (G3, G4) at a concentration of (200, 100) mg/kg of body weight, which indicates the safety of these extracts and concentrations on kidney tissue, The results of histological examination of kidney tissues in the preventive groups treated with the aqueous and nano extracts of the Aframomum melegueta (G5, G6) at a concentration of (200, 100) mg/kg and nano titanium dioxide at a concentration of (100) mg/kg showed that the aqueous and nano extracts contributed to reducing the toxic effects of nano titanium dioxide in kidney tissues. It appears that the nano extract at a concentration of (100) mg/kg of body weight is the best in prevention as it contributed to reducing the negative effects.
The physiological study of the positive control group dosed with nano titanium dioxide (100) mg/kg showed a significant increase (P ≤ 0.05) in liver enzymes (ALP, AST, ALT), kidney functional indicators (urea, creatinine), (MDA), (TC), (LDL) and a significant decrease (P ≤ 0.05) in (HDL), antioxidants (CAT, (SOD) compared to the negative control group. As for the oral dose of the experimental animals with the aqueous and nano extract of Aframomum melegueta (G3, G4) at a concentration of (200, 100) mg/kg of body weight daily for a period of (30) days, no significant change was recorded in the functional parameters concentration rate of) MDA), a no change in the concentration rate of (CAT), and (SOD) and LDL levels)TC), and )HDL) concentration compared to the negative control group, The results of the functional parameters of the preventive groups (G5, G6) at a concentration of (200, 100) mg/kg and nano titanium dioxide at a concentration of (100) mg/kg showed a significant decrease (P ≤ 0.05) in liver enzymes (ALT, ALP, AST), kidney functional parameters (urea, creatinine), and lipid parameters that included (TC, LDL) and enzymatic oxidation indicators (MDA) compared to the positive control group, and a significant increase (P ≤ 0.05) in each of (HDL, SOD, CAT) compared to the positive control group.
We conclude from the current study the effectiveness of the aqueous and nano extracts Aframomum melegueta, especially the nano extract, in inhibiting the activity of free radicals and neutralizing the oxidative stress induced by the additive nano titanium dioxide in the liver and kidney tissues and some functional parameters in male white rats.