دراسة تصنيفية لأجزاء فم أجناس عائلة النحل قاطعات الأوراق Leaf cutting bees( Megachilidae:Hymenoptera) في بعض مناطق العراق

Rp-Taxonomical Study of the Mouthparts of Genera of the Family Leaf cutting bees Megachilidae:Hymenoptera in some areas of Iraq

The present study deals with the comparative, of the phylogentic and taxonomic studies using mouthparts of the adults stage ( Hymenoptra : Megachilidae ) . The results showed many morphological characters that varied among genera in many aspects which could be associated with behavioral aspects and with beloing to genera of plant that used for pollen and nector collection . It was found that the Familly was represented in Iraq by seven genera , six was previously recored (Megachile Latreille , Coelioxys Latreille, Chalicodoma Michener, Anthidium Fabricius , Anthidiellum Cockerell, Osmia Michener ) and Icteranthidium  Michener  was recoreded in the present study . Morphological variation in the mouthparts were found between the studied genera in general . However, sexual differences were also observed . Labram in all genera showed visible variation especially in the distal  margins . The shape of labrum showed three types in females and two types in the males . The most common variations in the shape of the mandibles in both sexes were in the number of the subapical teeth . More than one subapical teeth was observed in the all genera  except in the male of Osmia  which the one Subapical tooth . A few morphological variations were noticed in the shape of maxillae in all genera . Variations were concentrated mainly in the proportial length or size of each part of the maxillae . It was found that cardo of maxillae varied in the its thicknes and therefore , it was divided into two types . Stipes in all genera was the largest part of the maxillae and the most robust part  . The number of the maxillary palpus segments varied between the seven genera, ranged from two segment in  Anthidium , Anthidiellum , Icteranthidium, Coelioxys , three segment in Chalicodoma , Megachile and four segment in Osmia . No visible morphological variations were observed in the submentum of all genera and both sexes . However,  morphological varied  were found in their of mentum  between the studied genera and both sexes . The differences in prementum were included  the presence or absence of the basal process in the basal margin. In females and males  the distal part of prementum   was  visibly divided in three lobes . However , the shaped of the middle lobe varied among the genera and were divided in to three types. The morphological differences were found in the proportional length of labial palpi, the second segment was longer than first segment in all genera except Megachile which was equal in length . The flabellums were different in these shapes   between all genera but did not show sexual differences except Anthidium .  The seven Iraqi genera of bees were keyed in dichotomous  format.  Photographs of the males and females mouthparts features of representative of all genera were provided . Sixty characters of mouthparts were analyzed to determine the phylogenetic relationships between the seven genera of the family Megachilidae . It was found that the seven genera were similar in about 50% of the selected characters . The genera were varied in the other characters which leaded to divide the genera into three groups , Osmia group , Coelioxys group and the third group that included the rest of the genera , the third group was phylogeneticaly divided in two subgroups which are  Megachile and Chalicodoma  sister group  and Anthidium ,Anthidiellum and Icteranthidium sister group .