دراسة مستأثير التداخل بين الزنك المعدني والنانوي وفطر المايكورايزا في بعض الصفات الفسلجية والكيموحيوية لنبات الحنطة (Triticum aestivum L.) المروي بمياه مالحة حية للنباتات البرية في بعض أقضية ونواحي محافظة كربلاء المقدسة

The effect of interaction between mineral and nano zinc and mycorrhizal fungus on some the physiological and biochemical properties of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) irrigated with salt water

Abstract
A factorial experiment was carried out in plastic pots according to the Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) in order to study the effect of the addition of mycorrhizae and the type of nano and mineral zinc and their interactions on some physiological and biochemical characteristics of the Ibaa 99 wheat plant irrigated at different levels of salinity during the agricultural season 2020-2021 in One of the greenhouses belonging to the Department of Field Crops of the College of Agriculture at the University of Karbala, located in the Husseiniya area of Karbala governorate. The experiment included three factors with three replicates, the first factor (S) representing irrigation at four levels (2, 4, 6 and 8) dsm- 1 Prepared from well water diluted with tap water. The second factor (Zn)) represents the addition of zinc in three levels (without adding zinc Zn0), (adding metallic zinc 15 mg L-1 Zn1) and (adding nano-zinc 15 mg L-1 Zn2). And the third factor (M) is the addition of the mycorrhizal Glomus spp and it has two levels (without adding the mycorrhizal M0), (the addition of mycorrhiza (so that the total of the experimental units is )72) experimental units. Some phenotypic growth characteristics, some physiological growth indicators and some yield traits were studied, as well as the estimation of the concentration of some nutrients in the grains and straw of the wheat plant, as well as the effectiveness of some plant enzymes, protein ratio and potassium to sodium ratio in wheat grains. The results were statistically analyzed and the means were compared with the least significant difference with a probability level of 0.05.
The study showed the following results:-
• The addition of mycorrhizae significantly affected some physiological growth indicators, including the chlorophyll content with an increase of (3.77%) and proline concentration with a decrease of (12.95%), and some characteristics of the yield, including: the number of spikelets in the spike, the weight of 1000 grains, the number of grains in the spike and the grain yield and percentages An increase of (1.87, 3.69, 6.24 and 6.40)%, respectively, and the concentration of some nutrients, including: phosphorus and potassium in the grains, and phosphorous, potassium, zinc and sodium in the straw, with increases of (5.88, 8.14, 53.52, 59.26, 17.88 and7.89)%, respectively, The antioxidants varied in their behavior when the mycorrhizal agent was added. The enzyme activity (CAT) increased with an increase of (13.57%), while the activity of the enzyme (SOD) decreased with a decrease of (12.53%).
• The effect of spraying with both metallic and nano zinc types significantly on all studied traits except (number of straws, harvest index and sodium concentration in grain and straw), and the superiority of metallic zinc in some phenotypic growth traits, namely: average plant height and flag leaf area, with increasing rates of (4.93 and 3.65) % in order, as well as the superiority of mineral zinc in some yield characteristics, including: the number of spikes in the plant, spike length, weight of 1000 grains, number of grains in the spike, biological yield and grain yield with increasing percentages of (14.16, 3.23, 4.14, 8.93, 6.98 and 7.27). %, respectively, and spraying with metallic zinc achieved a significant increase in the nitrogen concentration in grain and straw, the concentration of phosphorous, potassium and zinc, and the percentage of protein in the grain by (22.59, 73.65, 11.93, 5.91, 41.09 and 19.32)%, respectively.
• The superiority of nano-zinc in some physiological growth indicators, including: the content of chlorophyll and the relative water content in the leaves with an increase of (5.97 and7.08)%, respectively. Spraying with nano-zinc also achieved a significant increase in the concentration of phosphorous, potassium and zinc in the straw and the ratio of potassium to sodium in the grains. With an increase of (61.61, 16.69, 115.17 and 13.35)%, respectively.
• Spraying with both types of metallic and nano zinc led to a decrease in the concentration of proline and the effectiveness of both SOD and POD, with a decrease of (9.05, 16.41 and 14.44)%, respectively, while the activity of CAT enzyme increased with an increase of (14.75%).
• Irrigation water salinity significantly affected all studied traits except for the number of straws, and a decrease was noted in all phenotypic and physiological growth traits, yield traits, elemental concentrations, protein ratio and potassium to sodium ratio, and it gave the lowest values when irrigating at the fourth level (8 dsm-1), while the concentration of proline increased And the effectiveness of each of the enzymes (CAT, SOD and POD) and the concentration of sodium in grain and straw with increasing salinity levels of irrigation water.
• The bilateral interactions between spraying with the two types of zinc and the addition of mycorrhizae showed a significant effect on all phenotypic and physiological characteristics, nutritional status and the effectiveness of some plant enzymes (except for the number of straws and the harvest index). The treatment of spraying with mineral zinc (15 mg L-1 Zn) with the addition of mycorrhizal was the best in Most of the studied traits, which did not differ significantly from the treatment of spraying with nano-zinc (15 mg L-1 Zn) with the addition of mycorrhizal in most of the traits studied in the current study.
• The results of the binary interaction between spraying with two types of nano and mineral zinc and irrigation with different levels of salt showed a significant effect in all studied traits except for the number of straws, and the treatment of spraying with metallic zinc (15 mg L-1 Zn) and irrigation at the first saline level (2 ds m-1 The best results were achieved in most of the studied traits, and the treatment of nano zinc spray (15 mg L-1 Zn) and irrigation at a salinity level (2 ds m-1) achieved the best results in most of the studied traits, including reducing the concentration of proline in leaves and the concentration of sodium in straw and grain Which led to reduce the negative effects of salt stress.
• The bilateral interactions between the addition of mycorrhizae and irrigation with different levels of salinity significantly affected all the studied traits (except for the number of beaches), as the treatment of adding mycorrhizal and irrigation with a level of salinity (2ds m-1) was the best in the vast majority of the studied traits.
• The triple interaction between the study factors had a significant effect in all the studied traits except for the number of ribs, and the treatment of adding mycorrhizae and spraying with mineral zinc (15 mg L-1 Zn) and the level of salinity (2 ds m-1) was superior in most of the studied traits, which did not differ Significantly, the treatment of the addition of mycorrhizae and spraying of nano-zinc (15 mg L-1 Zn) and the level of salinity (2 ds m-1), which were superior in most of the traits studied in the current study.