دراسة نسجية مرضية وكيموحيوية للدور الوقائي للمستخلص الكحولي لأوراق نبات المورينغا ضد الاجهاد التأكسدي المستحث ببنزوات الصوديوم في ذكور الأرانب البيض .

Histopathological and biochemical study of the protective role of alcoholic extract of Moringa leaves against sodium benzoate -induced

The aim of this study is to determine the histopathological effects of sodium benzoate on the liver and kidneys and the biochemical effects on the level of liver enzymes such as Alkaline phosphatase )ALP), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ,and antioxidant enzymes such as Superoxide dismutase (SOD) , Catalase (CAT) ,Glutathione S-transferase (GST) and protection by Moringa Oleifera leaf extract against oxidative stress by the action of sodium benzoate . as This study was conducted in the animal house of veterinary medicine and for the period from 11/15/2021 to 1/2/2022 , Thirty white rabbits (male) were used, as they were divided randomly into six groups, Each of group includes Five rabbits ,which categorized as the negative control group (C1) where they given a distilled water ; and the positive control group (C2) that dosed with moringa leaf extract (200mg/kg of body weight) ; group T1 that treated with high concentration of sodium benzoate (500mg/kg) ; group T2 which treated with low concentration of sodium benzoate (250mg/kg) ; group T3 that treated with a both moringa extract (200mg/kg) , and a high concentration of sodium benzoate (500mg/kg) and group T4 which treated with both moringa extract (200mg/kg) and a low concentration of sodium benzoate (250mg/kg) . all the groups were administrated orally daily for (30) days.
At the end of the experiment , rabbits were weighted , and blood samples were drawn by heart stab for the purpose of performing the biochemical analyses, then the rabbits were dissected to extract the liver and kidneys for histopathological diagnosis . The body weight changes of rabbits showed that there were no significant differences in their weights before and after dosing, as well as our results did not record any significant differences in the weights of organs (liver, right kidney and left kidney) among all groups of rabbits.
for the biochemical effects, the results of the activity of liver enzymes (ALP, AST) showed that there were no significant differences between all groups of rabbits. The ALT enzyme recorded significant differences (p < 0.05) between the groups, and a significant decrease in the activity of the ALT enzyme was observed in the group of rabbits that were dosed with Moringa extract (200 mg/kg/body weight) compared to the negative control group and compared to the group that was dosed with Moringa extract (200/kg/body weight) and then the low concentration of sodium benzoate (250 mg/kg/body weight) by (4.085 ± 9.486).
A significant decrease (P<0.05) was observed in the activity of ALT enzyme in the group of rabbits that were dosed with a high concentration of sodium benzoate (500 mg/kg/body weight) compared to the negative control group and in comparison with the group that was dosed with Moringa extract (200 mg/kg/body weight) and then the low concentration of sodium benzoate (250 mg / kg / body weight) by (11.06 ± 5.92).
A significant decrease (P<0.05) was recorded in the activity of the ALT enzyme in the group of rabbits that were dosed with a low concentration of sodium benzoate (250 mg/kg/body weight) compared to the negative control group and in comparison with the group that was dosed with Moringa extract (200 mg/kg/body weight) and then the low concentration of sodium benzoate (250 mg / kg / body weight) by (10.94 ± 8.498).

The results recorded a significant decrease in the activity of ALT enzyme in a group of rabbits that were treated with Moringa oleifera leaf extract (200 mg/kg/body weight) and then treated with a high concentration of sodium benzoate (500 mg/kg/body weight) compared with the negative control group and compared with The group that was dosed with Moringa extract (200 mg/kg/body weight) and then a low concentration of sodium benzoate (250 mg/kg) by (5.422 ± 7.915).
The results of the statistical analysis indicated that there were statistically significant differences (P<0.05) in the activity of enzymes antioxidant (SOD and GST) in the treated groups.
Our results recorded a significant decrease in the activity of the SOD enzyme for a group of rabbits that treated with moringa leaf extract (200mg/kg of body weight) followed by a low concentration of sodium benzoate (250 mg/ kg of body weight) (0.053±0.447) compared with the negative control group . and the results recorded no significant differences (P>0.05) in the activity of the antioxidant CAT compared with all groups .
The results also recorded a significant increase in the activity of the GST enzyme for the group of rabbits that treated with a high concentration of sodium benzoate (500mg/kg of body weight) by (0.6020±0.1053) compared with the negative control group, and a significant decrease was observed in the activity of the GST enzyme in the group of rabbits that treated with low concentration of sodium benzoate (250mg/kg of body weight ) by ( 0.1870±0.097) compared with the group of rabbits treated with high concentration of sodium benzoate , and in rabbits treated with moringa leaf extract (200mg/kg of body weight) by (0.242±0.084) compared with the groups of rabbits that treated with the high concentration of sodium benzoate and in rabbits groups treated with leaf extract moringa (200mg/kg of body weight) and then the high concentration of sodium benzoate (500mg/kg body weight) with an amount of (0.1850±0.169) compared to the group of rabbits treated with high concentration , and in the group of rabbits treated with leaf extract Moringa Oleifera (200mg/kg body weight) followed by the low concentration of sodium benzoate (250 mg/ kg body weight ) by (0.099±0.209) compared with the group of the rabbits treated with the high concentration .
As a result , a histological changes appeared in the groups treated with sodium benzoate (500 or 250 mg/kg/bw) in the liver tissues represented by bloody congestion in the central vein , the destruction of the radial structure of the hepatocytes arranged around the central vein , and frequent infiltration of kupffer cells , the presence of a number of dead cells , and steatosis represented by the accumulation of fat. While kidney tissue showed shrinkage of the renal glomerulus, increased Bowman’s vacuole and inflammatory cell counts , dilatation of the urinary tubules, necrosis in the cells lining the urinary tubules, as well as the accumulation of fat.
While the histological changes of the groups that treated with Moringa Oleifera leaf extract (200mg/kg of body weight) followed by concentrations of sodium benzoate (500 or 250 mg/kg of body weight ) in the liver tissues a normal appearances of the liver tissue , lack of Kupffer cells infiltration , and the presence of a small number of oleaginous cells (microsteatosis) , and arrangement of hepatocytes in the form of a granule around the central vein of the liver lobule with an improvement in liver tissue . This could be attributed to the protective effect of Moringa Oleifera leaf extract. While the kidney tissues showed a normal appearance of the renal glomeruli ; a slightly expansion in some urinary tubules with slight infiltration of some inflammatory cells, and necrosis in the cells lining the urinary tubules , with a partial improvement of the kidney tissue , which probably due to the use of moringa leaf extract.
The kidney pulp showed a normal urinary tubules with the presence of some inflammatory cells between the urinary tubules , as well as the presence of hyaline cast , infiltration and accumulation of protein substances in the urinary tubules of some rabbits , and the presence of a small number of fat cells.
We can conclude from the results of our study that the Moringa Oleifera leaf extract reduced the negative effects of sodium benzoate on the level of biochemical parameters in the blood and histopathological structure of the liver and kidneys of rabbits that were treated with sodium benzoate.