محاولات انفصال الولايات الامريكية 1789-1861 دراسة تاريخية

Rp- Secession Attempts Of American States 1789-1861 A Historical Study.pdf

The history of the United States of America during the 18th and 19th centuries has great importance in the field of studies concerned with the history of this country, which quickly occupied – if compared to other countries – an important place in global politics. It is certain that every emerging country must face some difficulties in its establishment for several reasons. For the United States of America, the most prominent reasons were the interpretation of the texts of the American Constitution, which the states voted on successively during the period 1787-1891, and the extent of its application in reality, as well as the authority of both the federal administration that takes care of state affairs and the authorities of the states from which the country was formed and that gained independence from British domination.
The study is divided into an introduction, a preface, four chapters, a conclusion, and a list of sources. The preface, titled “Lack of Political Integration in the United States of America until 1789,” includes three axes. The first axis discusses the establishment of the Confederation and the states’ joining it during the period 1777-1781 and their stance towards it. The second axis deals with the internal division regarding land and the Northwest Ordinance. The third axis is titled “The Political Debate among the American States during the Legislation and Ratification of the American Federal Constitution.
As for the first chapter, it focuses on the attempt of Kentucky and Virginia to secede in 1798, which is divided into three sections. The first section discusses the background and reasons for issuing the resolutions of Kentucky and Virginia. The second section is titled “The Resolutions of Kentucky and Virginia,” while the third section is dedicated to the federal government’s response to the attempted secession of these two states and the stance of other states towards this attempt.
Chapter two of the research reviews the attempt of New England to secede during the American-British War of 1812-1815. The first section explains the measures taken by the federal administration during the period of 1801-1811. The second section focuses on the stance of New England states towards the American-British War. The third section includes the most significant step in New England’s attempt to secede, which is the signing of the Hartford Convention in 1814-1815, its circumstances, resolutions, and consequences.
Chapter three discusses the attempt of South Carolina to secede in 1832, and is divided into three sections. The first section focuses on the tariff acts which were the main reason behind South Carolina’s attempt to secede. The second section covers the Nullification Crisis of 1832, and the third section is dedicated to the consequences of the crisis and the settlement of 1833.
Chapter four, the final chapter, discusses the attempt of the southern states to secede during the period of 1860-1861, and is divided into three sections. The first section examines the historical roots and indirect causes of the southern states’ secession. The second section covers the direct reasons for the secession of the southern states. The third section focuses on the actual secession of the southern states and its consequences.
The study has reached a number of conclusions, including :
that the retention of many powers by the American states according to the Constitution enabled them to compare these powers with the corresponding powers of the federal administration, resulting in clear conflict between the states and the federal administration in various fields.
The method by which the American Constitution was adopted and the joining of the federal union after abandoning the confederal union was a grave mistake made by the Constitution adopters and founding fathers. This is because it allowed the American states to retain many powers, which enabled them to compare these powers with the corresponding powers of the federal administration, resulting in clear conflict between the states and the federal administration in various fields. As a result, the American states became convinced that they could abandon the union at any time they deemed appropriate, as was the case when they abandoned the confederal union. Among the reasons that the southern states relied on for their secession from the federal union during 1860-1861 was this important factor.
These attempts explicitly represented the interests of the states, even if they were influenced by partisan conflicts. The impact of partisan conflict cannot be isolated from these attempts, as the aspirations of parties reflected the interests of the majority of residents of some states, which political parties represented openly. This was the case in the attempt of New England states to secede during 1814-1815.