أثر الإنشطار السكني في كفاءة خدمات البنى التحتية لمدينة كربلاء المقدسة لعام 2019 (عدد من الأحياء السكنية أنموذجا”)

The impact of residential fission in the efficiency of infrastructure services for the holy city of Karbala (A number of residential neighborhoods as Selection)

The city of Karbala is located in the center of Karbala Governorate and is considered one of the most important religious cities in Iraq. The city is characterized by a great religious and economic tourism activity. The total area of the city is about of (12117.8) hectares, and its population is about (694919) until ( 2019). The city consists of three major residential sectors, which are the old city center, Al-Haidariya, and Al-Jazeera. Those sectors represent the city’s growth sequence throughout history. The old city center was excluded from this study, since most of the urban land is used for religious purposes where hotels and commercial business is quite common.
The phenomenon of fission in residential units is one of the urban phenomena that have emerged recently in the city of Karbala for many reasons. The most prominent of which is the problem of the housing crisis. This phenomenon has taken on a clear challenge to the housing infrastructure in terms of the significant increase in population densities, which in turn led to pressure in the efficiency of providing infrastructure services to these neighborhoods.
As a result, the study came to shed light on this phenomenon and to analyze the factors and causes leading to it while finding alternative solutions as a necessity to support and encourage companies operating in the residential sector, whether private or mixed, to take upon themselves the construction of residential complexes of various types at competitive prices to reduce this phenomenon. In addition to limiting the granting of housing loans to building housing units with areas specified in the sectoral design (not fissional units) and facilitating grant procedures to encourage non-fission cases.
The research adopted the field survey method in collecting data related to split housing units. As well as the use of aerial and satellite visualizations of the region and government data. The number of residential neighborhoods covered by the study was (24) out of (65). Distributed between (9 )neighborhoods in Al-Haidariya and (15) neighborhoods in Al-Jazeera. The number of built units in each neighborhood, whether fission-related or not, was calculated as well as the unconstructed housing units until (2019).
The number of fission units in the study area reached( 8499) divided into (1677) in Al-Haidariya and (6822) in Al-Jazeera. The current and future housing balance of the housing units as well as the expected number of residents in them have been determined. Moreover, the causes and factors affecting the phenomenon of housing fragmentation, represented by the economic, social and governmental aspects, were studied and analyzed. Furthermore, studying the effect of the phenomenon of housing fission on the efficiency of the infrastructure services provided in the study area.
Distinct questionnaire forms were prepared to collect information about families. The number of forms reached (852), and the percentage adopted in the sample of the statistical community is (10%) of the total number of split housing units. The factor analysis model was implemented to study the statistical correlation between these factors and to know the extent of their impact on this phenomenon.
The study showed that the fission rate in Al-Haidariya reached (8.5%) of the total housing units, while it reached (50.6%) in Al-Jazeera sector. The number of unconstructed residential plots (the current housing balance) in the study area was (6910). The percentage of fission reached (28%) of the total commercial units in the commercial area, while the percentage of fission reached( 44.8%) of the total housing units in the study area.
Moreover, the study showed that (84% )of the fission residential units have an area of (100 m2) or less, as they are concentrated in Al-Jazeera sector, which includes the areas (Al-Wafa’, Al-Salam, Al-Itarat, and Al-Milad) because these residential neighborhoods are modern compared to the neighborhoods of Al-Haidariya sector. It was also found out that (96% )of the total fission housing units do not contain any home gardens.
The study concluded with several results, including a clear shortage in the efficiency of infrastructure services (water, sewage, electricity, waste removal and the condition of residential streets) due to the unexpected population densities. The lack of proportionality in the diameters of the water and sewage networks in which they are currently used, as well as the malfunction of electrical transformers (due to the increased electrical loads) and the scarcity of water and the frequent blockages in the sewage networks.