التقييم الحيوي لكفاءة بعض المبيدات الاحيائية وذات الأصل النباتي في السيطرة على عثة التمورEphestia cautella (Walker) (Lepidoptera:pyralidae ) في المختبرمع مسح لاهم الحشرات المرافقة لها في مخازن تمور في قضاء الحسينية – محافظة كربلاء

Biological evaluation of the efficacy of some biological and plant-based pesticides in controlling date moth Ephestia cautella (Walker)

The results of the survey indicated that dates were infested with several insects in 16 private date stores in Al-Hussainiya district / Karbala government during the year (2022-2023), suggest that the most important types of insects that were found in the different stores for the period from 15/6/2022 to 1/1 /2023, which were morphologically diagnosed according to the characteristics of each order and family were sawtoothed grain beetle Oryzaphilus surinamenisi, the two types of flour beetles, red flour beetles Tribolium castaneum and The confused flour beetle Tribolium confusu, the date moth E. cautella and the parasitic wasp Bracon hebetor, which was widely seen in the stores in which the survey was conducted.
The survey results also indicate that the two insects O. surinamenisi and the date moth E.cautella, were among the most competitive insects and dominated date stores over the rest of the insects, which were determined after the inventory survey. It was concluded, through the inventory surveys that were carried out in 16 date stores, that no new insects (intrusive, invasive) were recorded, and this was done by conducting a comparison between the insect list obtained from the stores and with date insects registered with the plant protection Department/ Ministry of Agriculture.
A series of laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect efficiency of entomopathogenic fungi EPFs, Iraqi (local) isolates and the commercial (Met52) of the fungus Metarhizilum ansiopliae as well as the plant-abstract pesticide Tondexir 80% EC and Emamectin benzoate on the percentage of mortality of different ages of the date moth insect E. cautella and to find out the extent of its effect These biocides control this pest.
The effect of three different concentrations of sporangia for EPFs local isolate and the commercial of M. ansiopliae (2×103, 2×105, 2×107spore/ml) was tested on the percentage of mortality of different larval stages and adults against E. cautella moth. The results showed that the Commercial Met52 was superior to the local isolate in giving high mortality rates after seven days of treatment. The results also showed that the concentration of 2 × 107 spore/ml of the commercial fungi Met 52 was significantly superior in giving the highest mortality rates in all the stages of the moths compared to the rest of the concentrations. The mortality rates for the 2nd, 5th larval instars and adult treated with fungus were (82.50%, 45.35%, and 19.57%), respectively.
As for the effect of the different concentrations of the local isolate of the same fungus, there were no significant differences between the concentrations used on the insect adults, while the results showed that the highest effect of the concentration factor was on the 2nd larval instar, followed by the 5th larval instar at the concentration (2×107 spores/ml), which outperformed significantly on the rest of the concentrations if the mortality rate reached (33.21%, 69.37%) after 5 and 7 days of treatment, respectively.
The results of the statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences between the different ages of the moths. It was found through the results that the second larval age was more sensitive than the rest of the ages used in the experiment and at all concentrations. The mortality rates were (20.00, 55.00, 100.00)% in the 2nd and 5th larval instars and adults at the high concentration (2×107 spores/ml) in treating the Commercial pesticide Met52, respectively. When using the local isolate of the fungus M. anisopliae, the percentage of mortality in the 2nd and 5th larval ages was (100.00%), and the fifth larval ages (40.00%), then the percentages of adults were the lowest (17.50%) compared to the 2nd and 5th larve ages at the same concentration.
The results of testing three different concentrations (1, 2, 3 ml/L) of the plant-abstract pesticide Tondexir on the different roles of the date moth E. cautella, as it was shown through the results that the 5th larval instar and the adults were less sensitive to the pesticide than the second larval stage with the concentrations used in the experiment, the mortality rates at the high concentration were 3 ml/L (50.00%, 45.00%) in the fifth larval age and adults, respectively. The results also showed on the second larval age, after significant differences between the different concentrations, where the mortality rate reached 100% for all concentrations used in the experiment.
As for mortality rates in the fifth larval age and adults, there were significant differences between the concentrations used in the experiment and at different periods. Regarding the time effect factor, 5 days were the best in causing death rates in the second larval stage of the insect. As for the time of 14 days, it was the best for the 5th larval stage and adults, giving the highest death rates.
The results of the treatments of Proact 5% pesticides at different concentrations (1, 0.75, 0.5, g/L) on the different roles of the date moth E. cautella, indicate that there are significant differences in the effect of different concentrations of Proact 5% on the death rate of different ages (2nd, 5th and adults), where The highest percentage of mortality was at the high concentration 1g/L in the 5th larval instar and adults after 14 days of treatment, the mortality rate in the fifth larval instar was 82.50%, and the effective rate in adults was the lowest, reaching 80.00%. The results also indicated no significant differences between the different concentrations on the second larval age of the treatment, as the mortality rates reached 100% at all concentrations used in the experiment. Regarding the time effect factor, the 5 day period was superior to the rest of the periods in the second larval instar’s mortality percentage. The time exceeded 14 days, giving the highest mortality rates for the 5th larval stage and the adults.