الحِجاج في كتابِ ( بهج الصّباغة في شرحِ نهجِ البلاغة ) للعلَّامة التُّستَري

Rp- Argumentation in " Behj Al Sebagha Fe Sherh Nehjul Balagha" by the Scholar Al Tustery.pdf

Abstract:
There were many methods and techniques used along the time to know speech implications and to reach the intended meaning and sense. One of these methods and techniques is the rhetorical and linguistic argumentation. It is one of the main principles in conveying thoughts and carrying out intentions between ( the speaker and receiver). Thus, it implies devices of excitement and satisfaction. Old history knew the discourse, known as studying the argumentative discourse that belonged to Greek civilization. It was very prosperous and employed evidence and proof for the sake of satisfying and influencing, Arabs paid attention to this discourse pattern through their classifications and studies as what was represented in books of faiths, Osoul, and interpretation as well as in orations and interviews.
Studying argumentation in old time whether to Greeks or Arabs depended on the proof and induction ( Aristotle logic); while in the rhetorical studies or the modern linguistics relied on modern techniques and methods for argumentation in the modern Western studies is considered as the most important factor that speakers adopt to convince their receivers, since every saying has an argumentative orientation towards certain results.
Based on these reasons and others, the study intended to indulge in this topic and uncover its implications, and to stop at its most important merits and types within a modern perspective. Also, the researcher tried to clarify it through his book (Behj Al Sebagha Fe Sherh Nehjul Balagha) by the Scholar Mohammed Teqi Al Tustery.
The current study is interested in studying argumentation in the book (Behj Al Sebagha Fe Sherh Nehjul Balagha) where the study tackled two modern Western theories in the argumentation style. These are the rhetorical argumentative theory ( Lieberman and Tetkah) and linguistic argumentative theory ( De Crow and Ins Comber). This study applied these two theories’ techniques and procedure on the mentioned book.
The study was divided into three chapters preceded by introduction and preface and followed by conclusion of results.
The first chapter which is entitled ” the argumentative techniques or methods of argumentation ” was divided into three sections. The first section is ” the semi logical argumentative in the book” and it was divided into two parts. The first discussed the semi logical argumentative that depend on the logical structures. The second discussed the semi logical argumentative that depend on the mathematical structures. The second section stated “the argumentative established on the reality structure”; some of these argumentative are the successive communication arguments and the presence communication arguments. The third section discussed” the argumentative established for the reality structure”, such as acting argument and the witness argument.
The second chapter which is entitled “the rhetorical argumentation in the book “Behj Al Sebagha Fe Sherh Nehjul Balagha ” was divided into four sections. The first section is about allegory and argumentation. The second section is about simile and argumentation. The third section is about metaphor and argumentation. The fourth section is about metonymy and argumentation.
It is worth to mention that the researcher in the first and second chapters studied argumentation through application of the rhetorical linguistic theory( Liberman and Tetkah). In the third chapter, the study discussed the linguistic argumentative theory ( Decrow and Inscomber). This chapter was entitled by “the argumentative stairs, connectors, and factors in the book “Behj Al Sebagha Fe Sherh Nehjul Balagha ” and it was divided into two sections. The first section was about “the argumentative stairs” where the researcher tackled the concept of the argumentative stairs, the argumentative part, laws of argumentative stairs, and the authenticity of the argumentative stair. The second section stated “the argumentative connectors and factors. So, the researcher studied ‘the argumentative connectors such as but, indeed, until, and, so” and the argumentative factors such as negation and shortening. The researcher adopted the complementary inductive method in analyzing and inducing texts and stopping at their role in satisfying and affecting.
The study relied on the old reference and bibliographies as well the modern ones including books of grammar, rhetoric, literature, interpretation, history, and men books; in addition to theses, dissertations, and the scientific researches and articles. The researcher highly got benefit from the books that had tackled argumentation, such as the most important theories of argumentation in the western conventions from Aristotle up to our time by Hamady Semound, and in the argumentative theory ( studies and applications) by Abdullah Soulah, ” the argumentative factors” by Azul Din Al Najih, and argumentation in the contemporary rhetoric by Mohammed Salim Mohammed Al Amin Al Telbeh.
The argumentation in Imam Ali’s letters ( p.b.u.h.) by Ra’id Mejeed Ali, The argumentation in Arabic poetry ( its structure and methods) by Samiyah Al Duraidi, The argumentation: its concept and fields ( theoretical and practical studies in the modern rhetoric) by Hafidh Isma’il Alawi. The study also got benefit from the university studies that used The argumentation as a field for their work and a court for its employment such The argumentation in the prophet progeny’s narratives ( p.b.u.t.) in the book ” Osoul Al Kafi” by Al Kulaini ( dissertation) by Abdul Allah Khelil Zbari Al Ebadi, The argumentation in Imam Hussein’s speech( p.b.u.h.) ( dissertation) by Ayid Jedou Henoun.
Finally, I don’t claim perfection for my work or I gave the study its right, rather, if I was right, this is due to Allah favor. If I am mistaken, this belongs to me. And the conclusion of our prayer will be” All type of perfect and true praise belongs to Allah the Lord of the world”.