المرجعيات الثقافية للشعر الشيعي في العصر العباسي

The Cultural References of Shia Verse in the Abbasid Era

Abstract
Vanishing ruling of Beni Umayyad had an influence on Arabic literature during Abbasid era in general and on Shia verse in specific. Thus, literature and authors got a sort of expressing freedom in Abbasid era. Interest of Abbasid caliphs in literature whether poetry or verse, was a motif to highlight literature. Besides, Abbasid caliphs encouraged poetry that criticized Beni Umayyad and their caliphs regardless of orientation of that poetry religiously or faithfully save the poetry that criticized Abbasid caliphs or see that they have no right in caliphate. Removing racial discrimination between Arabs and non- Arabs encouraged literature when Beni Umayyad preferred Arabs on Persians.
The length of Abbasid ruling era and getting the Persians high positions as ministers and rulers who were loyal to the prophet progeny ( p.b.u.t.) were the main reason in flourishing Shia verse in Abbasid era. This is in addition to enjoying some small states that belong to Abbasid state with semi total independence; the matter that participated in attracting Shia poets. That state was a peaceful to them like states of Hamdanid dynasty And Buyid dynasty. Those events and other positively affected in flourishing literature, prose, and poetry Particularly Shia verse which was suffering from mouth muzzling And facing them with violence in Umayyad era. Shia verse during Abbasid era participated in the rise of literature through the political and doctrine conflicts. It reclined on the religious, literary, and historical references. In this respect, they mostly used the arguments and verbal argumentations, mind decisions, citing by evidences in refuting their opponents. Therefore, it was one of the sources that keep Arabic literature heritage.
Based on this, the idea of my respected master Dr. Herbi Naeem Mohammd sprang to study Shia verse references during Abbasid era. Undoubtedly, I was excited to stop t those traces or the heritage that Shia poets employed in serving their poetic experiment.
Concerning the framework of the current study entitled” The Cultural References of Shia Verse in the Abbasid Era”. It consists of four chapters preceded by an introduction and a preface, and followed by a list of sources and references according to the following division.
The preface contained a clear definition of the cultural references and their relation with literature and with the authors, then state what expressions that concord with them as poetic plagiarism, simile etc. the preface also contained a definition of Shia verse.
The first chapter which is entitled” the religious references” has four sections. The first section shed the light on employment of holy Quran ayas into Shia verse in Abbasid era. The second section presented honorable prophetic Hadith and employed it in Shia verse. The third section cited the prophet’s progeny ( p.b.u.t.) speech and how poets got benefit from. The fourth section included Imami’s doctrines and how to employ them in Shia verse.
The second chapter which is entitled” the literary references” has four sections. In the first section which is entitled” the poetry”, the researcher uncovered the benefit of Shia verse of those who preceded them in Islamic and pre Islamic eras. This is in addition to the influence of late poets by the advanced ones in the Abbasid era. The second section which is entitled” orations and messages”, mentioned the orations and messages of the prophet progeny( p.b.u.t.) that were implied in the Shia verse. The third section which is entitled” proverbs and wisdoms” discussed the Shia verse implication for Arabs proverbs that Shia verse got benefit from. Besides, the study revealed ” the wisdom” in Shia verse. The fourth section which is entitled ” other arts” showed the way of employing Shia verse to stories and debates of the prophet and progeny( p.b.u.t.).
The third chapter which is entitled” the historical references” has three sections. The first section is entitled” the heritage of illiterate history pre Islam era”. It stated reclining of poets on events and figures pre Islamic history and cited them in Shia verse. The second section which is entitled ” the prophet’s biography and his invasions” stated the poets’ citation for the events that occurred to the prophet, as well as employing Shia verse for events and wars of Muslims during the prophet era . The third section which is entitled ” the biography of the prophet progeny( p.b.u.t.)” mentioned the life of biography of the prophet progeny including happiness and sadness during the prophet time and what happened after the prophet’ death.
The second chapter which is entitled” other arts” has four sections. In the first section which is entitled” the legend” discussed implication of ” the legend” in Shia verse and how the last got benefit from it in the Abbasid era. The second section which is entitled” the political policy” where the study revealed the political dimension of Shia verse in Abbasid era. It mostly talked about presidency, people and administration, caliphate, Imamah and Shia verse; all these issues belong to the prophet progeny( p.b.u.t.) excluding others. The third section which is entitled ” the social culture” explains the implication of Shia verse in Abbasid verse for the good social conventions and traditions and their origin to the prophet and progeny( p.b.u.t.) and employing the bad ones to enemies of the prophet and progeny( p.b.u.t.). the fourth section which is entitled ” the economic culture” shows implication of Shia verse within the economic terminology like the agricultural, industrial, and commercial where poets got benefit from in clarifying text meaning and poet’s aim to praise the prophet and progeny( p.b.u.t.) and insult their enemies.
At the end there was the conclusion that contained the most important results and a list of sources and references. Thus, I thank my respected supervisor of the current dissertation (Herbi Naeem Mohammd Al Shibli) in selecting the topic and doing a favor to by supplying me with references as well as his advice and guidance to properly form the work. Thus, he has the appreciation after Allah. Finally, I don’t claim perfection for my work or I gave the study its right, rather, if I was right, this is due to Allah favor. If I am mistaken, this belongs to me. However, I should kindly show my respect and appreciation to the debate committee who will fill the gaps and remove any default. And the conclusion of our prayer will be” All type of perfect and true praise belongs to Allah the Lord of the world”.