تأثير الكثافات النباتية ومركب الطحالب البحرية ومراحل رشه في نمو وحاصل الذرة الصفراء Zea mays L

Effect of Plant Densities, Seaweed Extract, and Application Stages on the Growth and Yield of Maize ( Zea mays L.)

Abstract
To study the effect of planting densities, seaweed extract, and its spraying stages on the growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.). The experiment was implemented using a split- split-plot arrangement within a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. For the summer experiment at Ibn Al-Baytar Vocational Secondary School in Al-Hussainiya District (which is 25 km away from the city center at longitude 32.67 and latitude 44.14), except for the holy Kerbala Governorate, the final 2023 season was held on July 21, 2023, where the synthetic variety Al-Maha was planted. The experiment decreased to 0, 2, and 4 L ha-1 seaweed, which is used in the main plot . spraying stages; The first stage at 5-6 leaves, and the second stage at 5-6 leaves is the beginning of male flowering, and the third stage is at 5-6 leaves, the beginning of the second male flowering, and the grain filling, which is at the beginning of the milky stage, which ends in the sub-plot, and plant densities of 38095, 53333, and 88888 plants ha-1, which continues in the sub-sub plot.
The results of the study showed that plant densities 88888 plants ha-1excelled in vegetative growth characteristics, achieving the highest apparent average of 184.8 cm, leaf area index of 3.897, biological yield of 19677 kg ha-1, grain yield per unit area of 9827 kg ha-1, and total integrated nitrogen of 361.9 kg ha-1. The plant density ratio of 53333 plants ha-1 indicates the averages of the total integrated phosphorus characteristic of 67.36 kg ha-1, and the total integrated potassium uptake 222.20 kg ha-1, and the number of ear plant-1 of 1.18 ear plant-1. While 38095 plants ha-1 achieved the highest averages for the traits obtained, with an average of 17.41 rows ear-1, 39.42 grains row-1, 684.2 grains ear-1, and 120.93 g.
The study showed that the level of 2 L ha-1 of the seaweed complex was significantly superior to the rest in most of the vegetative growth characteristics and the total integrated nutrients and was more economical in the amount of maturity than the level of 4 L ha-1, which did not differ significantly from it, as it obtained an average leaf area of 4971 cm2, leaf area index of 2.89, total integrated nitrogen of 352.00 kg ha-1, total integrated phosphorus of 66.49 kg ha-1, total integrated potassium of 220.00 kg ha-1, number of rows in the ear of 16.81 rows ear-1, number of grains in the row of 38.84 grains row-1, number of grains in the ear-1,652.1 grains ear-1, weight 500 146.28 g, and it produces 18767 kg ha-1, and it obtained the single planet The yield was 118.04 g plant-1, and the grain yield was 6998 kg ha-1.
The results indicated that foliar spraying during the third stage achieved the best growth and yield performance. It recorded the highest total absorbed potassium 199.80 kg ha⁻¹, the highest number of rows per ear 16.68 rows ear⁻¹, number of grains per row 38.66 grains row⁻¹, total number of grains per ear 633.9 grains ear⁻¹, weight of 500 grains 144.58 g, biological yield 17676 kg ha⁻¹, yield per plant 117.48 g, and grain yield per unit area 6963 kg ha⁻¹.
The results showed that the interaction between the extract and density did not significantly affect the vegetative growth traits in the study. However, the interaction of the 2 liter hectare at the plant-affected stage 53333 plants ha-1 yielded the highest total phosphorus uptake 79.08 kg ha-1 and total integrated potassium 261.40 kg ha-1. The interaction between the extract and the density did not significantly affect the traits achieved in the study, except for the 500-grain weight and molecular origin at the 2 L ha-1 level at 88888, with the highest averages of 147.04 g and 21,887 kg ha-1. Total combined nitrogen (406.10 kg ha-1) was superior. The best interaction with plant weeds was achieved through spraying, which was achieved by spraying at 5-6 leaves with weeds at 88,888 plants ha-1. Spraying at 5-6 leaves and the onset of male flowering also had an effect of 53333 total frozen potassium and total frozen phosphorus at 69.35 and 230.00 kg ha-1, respectively. Infiltration was achieved at 5-6 leaves and the onset of male flowering, with a yield of 38095 plants ha-1 for a leaf area of 5,530 cm2 and a yield of 88888 plants ha-1 for a leaf area index of 4.17.
The study showed that the triple interaction did not significantly affect any vegetative growth traits or the computer.