تقييم كيمياوي تصنيفي لأنواع جنس الطرفة Tamarix L. للعائلة الطرفية ( Tamaricaceae) في محافظة كربلاء و أختبار فعاليتها ضد بعض الفطريات.

Rp-Chemical and Taxonomic Evaluation of Tamarix L. Species (Tamaricaceae) in Kerbala Governorate and Assessment of their Anti fungal .pdf

The present research dealt with a chemical taxonomic study of the active compounds of the ethanolic extract of the species: T. andersowii Litv., Bunge. T. aucheriana, T. arceuthoides Bunge, T. brachystachys Bunge, (Ehrenb.) Bunge T. macrocarpy, Bunge T. mascatensis, DC. T. pycnocarpa, and Ledeb. T. ramosissima. The study was conducted during the period from (2023-11-1 to (2025-4-20) To (2025-4-20) The study was conducted in the graduate studies laboratory in the Department of Life Sciences / College of Education for Pure Sciences / University of Karbala. Also in the laboratories of Al-Zahra University Research Center, and the Environment and Water Research Center – Environmental Research Department – in the Ministry of Science and Technology. The plants were collected through field trips to various locations in the districts and regions of Karbala Governorate, including Ain Al-Tamr District, as well as through visits to Iraqi herbariums, including the Iraqi National Herbarium in Abu Ghraib, as well as visits to a number of governorates, such as Sulaymaniyah and Diyala Governorates, to collect species during the same period mentioned above.
It included a study of the alcoholic extracts of the vegetative and reproductive parts, as the compounds were identified using the Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) technique, identifying the active chemical compounds present in them and their types, determining the retention time, sequence, chemical formula, molecular weight and area of each compound, in addition to determining the biological activity, especially the antifungal inhibitory activity. The ethanolic extract of T. andersowii flowers and 8 compounds were found in the leaves of the same species, 13 compounds were found in the extract of T. arceuthoides flowers and 13 compounds in its leaves, and 8 types of chemical compounds were found in the extract of T. aucheriana leaves. As for its flowers, the number of chemical compounds was7 compounds. As for the species T. brachystachys, 4 types of compounds were found in the leaves of the species and 2 chemical compounds in its flowers. 5 types of chemical compounds were identified in the flowers of the species T. macrocarpy and 9 compounds in its leaves. 7 chemical compounds were identified in the flowers of the species T. mascatensis and 10 chemical compounds in its leaves. 4 types of chemical compounds were identified in the alcoholic extract of both the flowers and leaves of the species T. pycnocarpa. As for the species T. ramosissima, the presence of 13 types of chemical compounds was identified in the alcoholic extract of its flowers and 10 types of chemical compounds in the alcoholic extract of its leaves. The number of compounds shared between the species was counted and a tree diagram was created to show the relationship and taxonomic similarity of the species among themselves based on the chemical classification. T. arceuthoides and T. androsowii were found to be chemically closest, indicating a high similarity in chemical composition. T. aucheriana shares an intermediate with T. arceuthoides and T. brachystachys. T. ramosissima and T. pycnocarpa formed a separate convergent group, while T. macrocarpa and T. mascatensis overlapped in some compounds, placing them together in a single branch. The chemical compounds were classified into their groups based on their general composition, with phenolic compounds and their derivatives, aromatic oils, as well as saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, being superior. That is, aromatic phenolic compounds and aromatic oils constituted 100% of the total number of species studied, while terpene compounds constituted 50% of the total number of species, as they were found in only four species.
As for the alkaloids, they were found only in the flowers of the species T. arceuthoides, and the proportions of the remaining compounds vary in all species, such as organic nitrogen compounds, alkenes, carboxylic acids, esters, and ethers. The active compounds played an effective role in distinguishing between species taxonomically, and due to the importance of these compounds, their effectiveness was tested against some fungal pathogens, such as the two fungi (Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium notatum).
By testing hot aqueous and hot alcoholic extracts of flowers and leaves of all species, the results showed that the inhibitory activity of extracts of all studied species was lethal at concentrations of 15% and 20% against the two fungi. The variation in inhibitory activity gave a distinction between species at concentrations of 5% and 10%.In general, the hot aqueous extract of the leaves of all species was superior in inhibition compared to the aqueous extract of the flowers and the alcoholic extracts.