تمثُّلاتُ السلطةِ في الشِّعرِ الأندلسيّ (484-635هـ) (دراسةٌ في ضوءِ النَّقدِ الثَّقافيِّ)

RP- The Authority Representations in Andalusia Verse (484 – 635): A Study in the light of Cultural Criticism.pdf

Andalus land formed historical, religious, political, cultural, and literary presence in our Arabic and Islamic heritage. This is due to what a magic nature and remarkable geographical location this land had. Andalus land was inhabited by social groups of various nationalities with various religious impression. Despite of the origin of Andalusi inhabitants were Jewish and Christians, some Islamic authorities succeeded in establishing political regimes and states in that western geographical area.
Arabic poetry started expressing the intellectual and emotional activities of the society individuals since old time. Therefore, one of the poet’s task is to express the events that go around in this social environment. Thus, the image of the relation of individuals with ruling authorities was represented by the poet’s discourse. Hence, Andalusia poetic discourse is considered in the whole particularly Al Moravids and Al Mohads eras clear expressive representation to the regime of those two authorities that tackled Andalus then. So, the dominant of the authority activation was due to the poetic discourse to the large number of the political and religious conflicts as well the difference of the social situations that Andalusi people lived.
The current study which is entitled” The Authority representations in Andalusia verse ( 484 – 635): A Study in the light of cultural criticism” focused on a critical cultural reading in an attempt to shed the light on implications of Andalusi poetic discourse during those two periods. These are Al Moravids and Al Mohads, as well the difference of impact of the religious, political, and social authority activation on poets, and revealing treatment of their cultural orientations with authority basics.
The cultural criticism is considered a critical activity that its function is implied by studying what is beyond the text in the literary discourse, which is hidden under the light of the aesthetic structures represented by rhetoric arts. It is a critical device tries to decompose the text and its implicit cultural harmonies, to state its conduct, which is opposite to the cognitive awareness and to the critical beauty. Thus, the cultural criticism is an analytical activity with multiple sources and streams of various sciences, and orientations and ideologies that share different cognitive and human meanings. Its devices are characterized by surrounding analysis and the whole text reading. This cultural activity gets benefit from psychological, sociology, and the literary textual and contextual critical methods. The reader’s cognitive and cultural references are considered a critical factor in readings of the literary discourse for the one who works with cultural criticism has to read the literary discourse in a cultural reading without knowing and understanding the sciences and knowledge.
The study was divided into three chapters preceded by a preface and followed by conclusion implied the most important results that the study reached. Then, there was an appendix tackled the biographies of poets Al Moravids and Al Mohads eras with an appendix the scholars of the same areas, and ended with a list of references and bibliographies that enriched the study.
Concerning the preface, it tackled studying concepts of representations, concept of authority. Aspects of the public life of Al Moravids and Al Mohads states, and the concept of the cultural criticism.
The first chapter which is entitled “representations of the religious authority “, has an introduction and three sections. The first section was about the religious authority .It has three axes: holy Quran, honorable Hadith, and the Islamic expressions. The first section which is entitled ‘ persuasion’, has two axes: induction and attraction. The third section which is entitled ‘ the contrast’ focusing on the two types of contrast: the oral and contrastive.
The second chapter which is entitled “representations of the political authority “, has an introduction and three sections that formed authoritative and political phenomena. The first section was about affiliation’. It has two axes: self-affiliation’ and collective affiliation’. The second section was about’ adjuration, it has two axes: appeal for aid and stimulation. The third section was about ‘ the conflict’, it is represented by resistance and invasion axes.
The third chapter which is entitled “representations of the social authority “, has an introduction and three sections. The first section focused on studying ‘ the identity. It has two axes: origins and ancestry. The second section discussed ‘ potency’, it has two axes: privilege and elimination. The third section studied ‘feminism’, it has three axes: flirting, praise, and satire.
At the end of this quick and brief display for the study stations and axes, it can be said that Andalus poetic discourse was under the power of Al Moravids and Al Mohads which are considered two of the most prominent Islamic and political authorities that ruled that country. However, Al Moravids ruled Andalus from 484 to 542 H. where their authority was known by its religious impression, to the extent that historians described it by the jurists dynasty. Al Mohads ruled Andalus from 542 to 668 H., where Mohammed Ibn Tumart was considered the establisher of this authority, he adopted the principle of calling people to goodness and enjoin equity and forbid evil a slogan a method to his dynasty. He invented a religious reformer method opposite to method of Abdullah Bin Yasin, establisher of Al Mohads dynasty.
The cultural and literary life in Andalus flourished during Al Moravids ruling. Poetry highlighted during the era of Ali Bin Yousif who encouraged literary men and interested in poetry in particular. Poets were visiting and praising him with veneration and esteem Attributes that glorify his wise policy. Concerning Al Mohads era, the cultural and literary competition between Andalusi and Meshariqa has great impact in enriching the literary life and this competition fed the poets’ talents. Therefore, the favour of this development belongs to Abdul Mu’min Bin Ali who was listening to poets and highly supporting them. Al Mohads rulers took care with poets where they were holding literary symposiums with presence of princes after their victories; therefore, poets were competing among themselves in praising caliphs and referring to their heroism.