University of Kerbala
Assit.prof Rehab jassim Mohammed
Soaad Abdullah Akaash
Department of chemistry, College of Education for Pure Sciences.
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is a type of metabolic diseases can be identified through anomalies in either insulin action or secretion, or both, leads to persistently excessive blood sugar levels. The fact that insulin is an important causes of anabolic hormone disruptions in the way that proteins, fats, and carbohydrates are metabolized. Insulin resistance of
many tissues, principally the skeletal muscles, liver, and adipose tissue, at the level of insulin receptors, effector genes or enzymes, the signal transduction system or insufficient insulin to trigger a sufficient reaction are the underlying reasons for these abnormalities in metabolism. How serious a diagnosis is depends on its nature and length of time, The signs and symptoms are Some people with diabetes, especially those who have been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes early in the disease, have no symptoms at all; others, especially those who are paediatric patients, have severe hyperglycemia.[1,2]
Symptoms of Diabetes mellitus
Increased thirst (polydipsia) and dry mouth.
Frequent urination.
Fatigue
Hazed vision Unexplained
weight loss.
Hands or feet numbness or tingling
racked or sores that heal slowly
Frequent skin yeast infection
Types of diabetes mellitus
Type1
This type of diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune condition known as (T1DM) which results in the elimination of the pancreatic beta cells responsible for producing insulin. An essential anabolic insulin influences protein metabolism, mineral metabolism, lipid metabolism, growth, and glucose metabolism. Crucially, insulin promotes the liver’s production of fatty acids and glycogen storage, prevents the breakdown of fat in adipose tissue, increases the uptake of amino acids, and encourages cells to absorb potassium. It also permits glucose to enter muscle and adipose cells. T1DM patients need insulin replacement therapy for the rest of their lives.
2- Type 2
Insulin resistance and, initially at least, The main characteristics of type 2 diabetes are a creativeness1-Amelack of insulin secretion. [4,5]. The amount of plasma insulin that is normally present during meal stimulated and fasting periods is insufficient to maintain normal glucose homeostasis “relative” to the degree of insulin resistance. But over time, there is deteriorating insulin deficiency and increasing beta cell death. [6, 7]
References
1- Galtier F. Definition, epidemiology, risk factors. Diabetes Metab. 2010; 36:628–651.
2-Study Guide from StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL), 26 Jun 2018
3-DeFronzo RA. Lilly Lecture. The triumvirates: beta-cell, muscle, liver: a collusion responsible for NIDDM. Diabetes 37:667-687, 1988.
4-DeFronzo RA. Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes: metabolic and molecular implications for identifying diabetes genes. Diabetes Rev 5:178-269, 1997.
5-DeFronzo RA, Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus, Medical Clinics of North America, 88:787–835, 2004
6-Abdul-Ghani M, DeFronzo RA, Mitochondrial dysfunction, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, Current Diabetes Reports, 8:173–178, 2008
7-DeSisto CL, Kim SY, Sharma AJ. Prevalence Estimates of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in the United States, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), 2007–2010. Prev Chronic Dis, 11:130415, 2014
