الاٌستدلال (المتاح ، الراسخ) وعلاقتهما بالتكتيكات التجنبية لدى رؤساء الاقسام العلمية في جامعات الفرات الأوسط

Inference (Available - Well-Established) and Their Relationship to the Avoidance Tactics of the Heads Of Scientific Departments in the Universiti

Abstract :
The nature of mankind, since his existence, has been searching for a mental method to solve his problems that hinder his personal existence, to help him adapt the circumstances he is going through from time to time. As it progresses or worsens. It is by means of mental reasoning. However, with the manifestations of civilizational and technological development and the diversity of administrative action, it has become affected, rather permanent, in solving these contemporary problems. We thought that he seeks rational reasoning to provide appropriate solutions and logical decisions in his daily and professional life. Based on the foregoing, the problem of the current research is formulated in the following: What is the type of inference used by the heads of departments (available or well-established)? What is the form of their avoidance tactics? What is the relationship between the two types of inference and these avoidance tactics? The theoretical and practical significance of the research was as follows:
The scarcity of local and Arab studies that dealt with the issue of both types of reasoning (well-established and available), especially for heads of departments in universities, and there is no study that dealt with avoiding tactics to the best of the researcher’s knowledge and knowledge. As well as the importance of the two types of inference variable (well-established and available) that the current research dealt with, due to the urgent need for diagnosis and development for heads of departments in Iraqi universities in their use of one of the two types of inference referred to in contemporary psychological literature. And also the importance of the scientific direction (for the heads of departments being the mainstay of the administrative and scientific work in the department) on which the research is conducted. It is also possible to benefit from the results of the current research in the field of mental or (educational) and administrative development together, and in the field of administrative development and the development of rational reasoning with an educational psychological vision. The research specifies the objectives:
1- Reasoning (available – well-established) among the heads of scientific departments in the universities of the Middle Euphrates.
2- The statistical significance of the differences in inference (available – well-established) among the heads of scientific departments in the universities of the Middle Euphrates according to the variables (university, specialization, gender, academic degree).
3- The avoidance tactics of the heads of the scientific departments in the universities of the Middle Euphrates
4- The statistical significance of the differences in the avoidance tactics of the heads of scientific departments in the universities of the Middle Euphrates according to the variables (university, specialization, gender, degree).
5- Finding the relationship between (available – well-established) reasoning and the avoidance tactics of the heads of scientific departments in the universities of the Middle Euphrates
6- The extent to which avoidance tactics contribute to each of the (available – well-established) reasoning of the heads of scientific departments in the universities of the Middle Euphrates.
The objective limit: includes the variables of the current research in finding the relationship between (available-well-established ) inference and avoidance tactics. The human limit: The research is limited to a sample of heads of scientific departments in the universities of the Middle Euphrates.
Represented in the University of (Al-Qadisiyah, Kufa, Babylon, Karbala, Al-Muthanna). Spatial limitation: The research was limited to the universities of the Middle Euphrates, at the University of (Al-Qadisiyah, Kufa, Babylon, Karbala, Al-Muthanna) and their affiliated colleges. The standard limit: The researcher will use the paper-based measurement, because the heads of departments are included in the attendance of their administrative tasks in the faculties. Time limit: for the academic year (2021-2022 AD) (1442-1443 AH).
The researcher prepared a theoretical framework and previous studies on the two variables in a comprehensive way. The research used the descriptive approach of the correlative type as a method for it, to find the relationship between two variables. The current research community consists of the heads of departments present in the universities of the Middle Euphrates, each of the University of (Babylon, Kufa, Karbala, Qadisiyah, Muthanna) with a total number of (718) heads and department heads. The sample was (359), and the sample was chosen by random method with a proportional distribution.
The researcher built an inference scale of the type (well-established – available) consisting of (30) paragraphs divided into two types: available inference and the number of its paragraphs (15) paragraphs. Well-established reasoning and the number of its paragraphs (15) paragraphs, and in front of each paragraph is a five-point scale for the response: (always apply (5) degrees, apply dearly (4) degrees, sometimes apply (3) degrees, rarely apply (2) degrees, never apply( 1) degree). Therefore, the highest score that the respondent can get for his answer on the scale items is (150) degrees, and the lowest score he can get is (30), and the hypothetical average of the scale is (90) degrees. Hence, those who obtain values higher than (90) enjoy the available inference, and those who obtain values less than (90) do not have the well-established inference.
Also, avoidance tactics consists of (32) paragraphs, and in front of each paragraph there is a five-point scale for the response: (always apply (5) degrees, apply almost (4) degrees, sometimes apply (3) degrees, rarely apply (2) degrees, never apply (1) degree). divided into five tactics:
1- Searching for the correct answers and its items (6). The highest score that a respondent can get for his answers to the scale items is (30) degrees, and the lowest score he can get is (6), and the hypothetical average of the scale is (18) degrees.
2- Following the laws and its clauses (6) The highest score that a respondent can get for his answer to the scale items is (30) degrees, and the lowest score he can get is (6), and the hypothetical average of the scale is (18) degrees.
3- Thinking about what is practical and its items (8). The highest score that a respondent can get for his answer to the scale items is (40) degrees, and the lowest score he can get is (8), and the hypothetical average of the scale is (24) degrees.
4- Avoiding mistakes and its items (6) The highest score that a respondent can get for his answer to the scale items is (30) degrees, and the lowest score he can get is (6), and the hypothetical average of the scale is (18) degrees.
5- Avoid appearing as ignorant and its items (6) The highest score that a respondent can get for his answer to the scale items is (30) degrees, and the lowest score he can get is (6), and the hypothetical average of the scale is (18) degrees.
6- The scale as a whole and its paragraphs (32) is the highest score that the respondent can get for his answer to the scale items is (160) degrees, and the lowest score he can get is (30), and the hypothetical average of the scale is (95) degrees.
The final image of each of the two research tools previously mentioned (inference and avoidance tactics) was applied simultaneously during the period of April, May, with its details from (April 3/2022 Sunday until May 24, 2022) and the researcher by herself by conducting the application by distributing paper questionnaires to all members of the sample, represented by (the heads of scientific departments in the universities of the Middle Euphrates), the researcher obtained a set of results, which are:
The heads of the practical departments at the University of Karbala are the ones who use solid reasoning at the expense of the heads of departments in the remaining universities. And that females have a well-established reasoning higher than males. And human specialization have a well-established reasoning. And at the level of professor, teacher, and assistant teacher they have a well-established reasoning.
Second, in terms of avoidance tactics
Department heads at the University of Kufa have avoidance tactics. Females have avoidance tactics. The assistant professor uses avoidance tactics.
Third: Relationship and percentage of contribution
There is a stronger relationship between (well-established ) reasoning with avoidance tactics than (available) reasoning with avoidance tactics. And the (well-established ) reasoning contributes to a greater percentage than the reasoning available to the heads of scientific departments in the universities of the Middle Euphrates.