التواجد المتزامن لسمي الـ Citrinin و Ochratoxin A المنتجة من الفطريات المسببة لِأمراض الخزن على حبوب الذرة الشامية وتقييم تأثيرهما حيويًا

Simultaneous occurrence of mycotoxins Citrinin and Ochratoxin A produced by fungi causing storage diseases on Popcorn grains and evaluation of their

The study aimed to investigate the simultaneous occurrence of mycotoxin Citrinin (CIT) and Ochratoxin A (OTA) in widely consumed popcorn grains across Iraq, It is enhanced by studying the biologically combined effects of these toxins compared to their effect separately.
The results of the survey showed the contamination of all samples with different fungal isolates and focused on the biological diversity of Aspergillus spp , Penicillium spp and Talaromyces spp, as 1594 fungal isolates belonging to 6 genera and 24 species were isolated and diagnosed, 846 isolates belonging to 8 species of Aspergillus spp were detected. A. niger was the most common, with a frequency of 50.23% (425/846), belonging to the majority of Penicillium spp. isolates (459 isolates) into 9 species, Penicillium citrinum recorded the highest percentage of 19.82% (91/459) and among 239 isolates of Talaromyces spp. Talaromyces funiculosus was the most common with 82.42% (197/239).
The results of chromatographic analysis using HPLC technology demonstrated the ability of all tested fungal isolates to produce Ochratoxin A in varying proportions, while it was found that 26 out of 36 fungal isolates produced Citrinin (For the first time).
The diagnosis of mycotoxin-producing isolates was molecularly confirmed by analyzing the nucleotide sequence of polymerase chain reaction products (PCR) and comparing them with globally registered strains and isolates using BLAST.in (NCBI) , OP651038, OP651035, OP651031, OP651036, OP651042, OP651043, OP651029, OP651039, OP651028, OP651032, OP651037, OP651034, OP651033).
The results of the chromatographic analysis to detect the simultaneous occurrence of mycotoxins Citrinin and Ochratoxin A in the analyzed samples showed that all samples were contaminated with Ochratoxin A, while 17 samples were contaminated with both of mycotoxins out of 18 main samples, in varying proportions, with the highest incidence and concentration of Ochratoxin A being 100%, with a concentration of 31.795. μg/kg for sample (T8), followed by CIT (94.4) with a maximum concentration of 17.868 μg/kg for sample (Q7), the lowest concentration of 4.066 μg/kg, 12.161 μg/kg for citronine (T8) and ochratoxin A (D17),
The results of chromatographic analysis to reveal the possibility of altering mycotoxin biosynthesis or adapting it to environmental conditions during specific transformation pathways confirmed the ability of isolate PC36 to produce CIT and OTA mycotoxin with increased CIT concentration offset by decreased OTA concentration and higher OTA concentration for isolate AN22 compared to the results of detection and quantification and qualitative quantification of isolates fungal tested
The results of the biochemical tests showed a high in the oxidative stress parameters (decrease in the concentration of glutathione (GSH) and the increase in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which caused damage to the liver and kidneys (increased concentrations of Creatinine, AST, ALT) and it showed cytotoxicity for poultry exposed to mycotoxin (OTA , CIT) in single and combined effect treatments at concentration dose of 1.4 mg / kg for both mycotoxins by increasing the concentration of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the blood serum.
The results of physiological blood components showed different effects for poultry, exposure to mycotoxins CIT and OTA alone or simultaneously caused a decrease in MON, LYM, WBC, MCV, HCT and PLT, while the two treatments OTA and OTA+CIT caused a decrease in MCHC, HGB, MCH and GRA While CIT caused an increase compared to control treatment, the results were reflected in both MPV and RDW. When combining CIT and OTA, the treatment showed synergistic or antagonistic effects compared to the effects individually, which differed depending on the target enzyme or the treated cells.